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Impact of land use change on land value in Hungary

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Tracking and analysing economic and social changes in the agricultural sector is vital for decision makers, sectoral parties, professional and advocacy organisations and research institutions. Collected statistical data serve as a basis for domestic decision making and provide the foundation of strategy formulation in rural development, agro-environmental protection and sustainable agriculture. In the course of our research, analyses based on statistical databases were used to assess land use changes and land market prices. The structural survey of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office in 2013 shows that the proportion of business organisations utilising arable land grew 7 percentage points while individual farms increased their share by 2 percentage points. Our research shows that the concentration of land use increased demand for land and thus contributed to the increase in land prices.
Мониторинг состояния сельскохозяйственных угодий – важное направление повышения эффективности сельскохозяйственного производства путем обеспечения качества выполнения технологических операций. Традиционные лабораторные методы исследования стоимостные, занимают много времени, и результаты измерения не сразу можно получить. Потому, быстрый сенсорный контроль необходим для оценивания состояния сельскохозяйственных угодий.
Research on the effect of birch regeneration on changes occurring in the environment on former farmlands included a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the biomass growing on the research plots. Five experimental plots were selected in the Mazovia region: two in Dobieszyn and the Kampinos National Park and one in Kozienice. The analysis performed on each plot was concerned with the amount and chemical composition of biomass in four patches of vegetation, characterised by the different ages of the birch trees growing there. The vegetation patches were classified according to age group, i.e. I: 1–4 years old, II: 5–8 years old, III: 9–12 years old and IV: over 12 years old. Biomass samples were collected in the field and determined in kg DM/ha using the following components: roots, stem, bark,branches, assimilation apparatus, litterfall and the total biomass of the other (except birch) plants. For all the above-mentioned groups, the content of the elements N, C, S, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cd was determined. This allowed us to obtain both the values of the concentrations of particular substancesand their allocation in both the organic matter and litterfall. The aim of theresearch was to discover whether the allocation of elements changes with the age of birch growing on former farmland.
The agricultural land lease represented a primary form of agricultural areas management of the State Treasury. One of the elements of legal protection of the lessee with the aim of securing the durability of production business, and thereby often the survival of the farms after the termination of that relation, is a special form of leased land acquisition. Among the special forms of purchase one can enumerate: a pre-emption right, the right of precedence acquisition, lease with the purchase option and the way of land privatisation provided in the Act of September, 16th 2011. This paper is an attempt to assess these instruments from the point of view of its aim execution. Since it appears that the legal position of lessees is relatively weak and the powers they are entitled to are questionable in practice.
In accordance with the National Program for Increasing Forest Cover it is planned to augment Poland’s forest cover to 30% by 2020. This task involves afforestation of agricultural lands by pioneer species that have low habitat requirements, such as the silver birch or the Scots pine. Application of sawdust, clear cutting residues, compost bark and compost beneath tree roots contributed to better development of the assimilation apparatus. The use of mineral fertilizer stimulated tree growth as well as improved physical and chemical properties of soil.
The paper analyzes legal regulations and statistical data on a lease and assesses their infl uence on structural changes in agriculture. Next, it presents the issue of lease in the context of the theory of institutional economics (in the framework of old and new institutional economics). The research has proved that a lease is an effective instrument of structural changes in the Polish village helping not only to create and enlarge the new farms but also to modernizing the existing ones. Currently, a lessee of agricultural land is an entity which, in order to run an effective business activity, has to conclude various agreements, file applications, invest. The development of a lease is part of a theory which promotes the image of an entrepreneurial person, entangled in social and institutional relationships, who enters into various agreements.
In Slovakia the agricultural use of the landscape represents 50% of the total area. Over last 100 years it has undergone many forms of development that has been reflected in its spatial and area structure. The landscape structure depends on intensification forms of the landscape use and the ownership relations. The changes in agricultural land are visible and differentiated in the period before and after the collectivization in the fifties of the 20th century. In this paper the landscape ecological structure is evaluated for three geoecological landscape types: lowland, basin and sub mountain. The lowland landscape type is ecologically most labile with average size of the agricultural land units of 50-250 ha where the woody vegetation constitutes only 2.0%. Many rare biotopes were removed from this type of the landscape and it is a relatively dry and ecologically unstable landscape. South slopes of the Malé Karpaty (The Low Carpathians) and Štiavnické vrchy (The Štiavnické Mountains) with a various mosaic of dominant vineyards, orchards, and elements of natural woody vegetation represent other evaluated, sub mountain landscape type. This type of the landscape is generally stabile and creates a characteristic landscape image of a high cultural and aesthetic value.
This paper presents research findings on investigating the factors affecting market value of agricultural land in Hungary by empirical data collection and applying regression analysis.
The article presents data for the prices of good, medium and low land from 1999 to 2012. In addition to the price of land, direct subsidies are also considered. Direct subsidies have been taken into account in accordance with the award period 2004-2012. The data used in this analysis come from the Central Statistical Office (CSO) and from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA). The aim of this study was to compare the diversity of spatial concentration of agricultural land prices in the years 1999-2012, taking the quality of land and direct subsidies into account. In order to obtain spatial concentration of agricultural land prices, the spatial Gini coefficient was calculated. For sake of comparison, the study was also based on the classical Gini coefficient.
The paper reviews the concept of sustainable development, indicating its various dimensions. Natural environment in developed countries became almost entirely anthropogenic. Under such conditions, the way of using natural resources has to change as well. It is forced by the new needs and priorities described above, i.e. a demand for an assurance concerning renewability of natural resources as well as pro-social and pro-environmental criteria of the resources allocation. The fundamental objective of the paper is an attempt at elaboration of the new land rent concept and fi nd the answer to the question: Does a land need capital stimulus to be productive in a sustainable development? Authors formulated the hypothesis: the reason for the land rent to occur are intrinsic land utilities which in the commodity money economy cause the expected productivity of capital factor in agriculture to be higher than in its market environment. Therefore, the value of land rent is determined by a positive difference between the expected productivity of capital in agriculture and in its market environment.
Agricultural land market in Hungary is in process of development, the prices of land is times lower compared to land prices in old member states of the EU. Because of their lower income Hungarian nationals do not have substantial possibilities to acquire ownership over land like nationals of the old member states of the EU. In order to preserve the agricultural sector from shocks that might arise from the differences in land prices and income with the rest of EU, Hungary as the others Central and Eastern European new member states countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia) during the accession negotiations in 2003 was granted the possibility to maintain existing national provisions restricting the acquisition of agricultural land or forests. Based on the data provided by the Hungarian Farm Accountancy Data Network and by the Hungarian Central Statistic Office the authors examined the specific impacts of factors influencing on arable land prices.
The purpose of this paper is an attempt to present the impact of the economic size of farms on the range of support measures of the European Union Common Agricultural Policy. Detailed analyzes were conducted on the example of direct payments and payments for areas with unfavourable farming conditions (LFA). Their amount was considered in relation to farm income. The analysis covered the year 2011. In relation to the total amount of the analyzed farms, CAP support the EU in 2011 was 43.7% of farm income. The basic elements of support from the EU CAP payments were direct payments and payments for less favoured areas. They created respectively 74.3% and 9.9% of the total support. The increasing impact of these measures on income is observed year by year.
Damage to the environment and agricultural lands caused by water and wind erosion are phenomena well known in Slovakia. Wind erosion causes between 10 and 20% of damage and even more on the plains in the south west of the country. The work presents potential hazards and soil transport by wind in individual regions of the investigated part of Slovakia. While discussing the intensity of erosion the most important climatic, soil, geographical and anthropogenic factors affecting its results were considered.
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