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Hymenolepis diminuta tapeworms of the WMS "strain", obtained at 1 month and at 2.5 months after the administration to rats of cysticercoids, showed a right-hand side position of the genital pores (PGP). In the 5th month of infection strobilas of variable PGP were also found to appear. These two types of strobilas (of right-hand side and variable PGP) appeared till the end of the observation period in the 23rd month after the infection of rats. It was established that the variability of PGP depends on the duration of the infection and not on the age of the final host. Apart from typical proglottids containing 1 testis on the poral side and 2 testes on the aporal side (lp2a) there were also proglottids of the following numbers and placement of testes (NDT): 0p0a, 0pla, 0p2a, 0p3a, 0p4a, 0p5a, 1p0a, 1p1a, 1p3a, 1p4a, 1p5a, 2p0a, 2p1a, 2p2a, 2p3a, 2p4a, 3p0a and 3p1a. Correlation was established between the frequency of occurrence of PGP changes and the number of proglottids with the following NDT: 1p2a, 2p1a, 3p0a, 3p1a and all deviations from 1p2a.
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Values preferred by pupils at a younger school age

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The presented manuscript elaborates on the values preferred by children at a younger school age. In integrated education, the issues of values are inscribed into a wider context, not only school but also educational one, as well as into an axiological context in pedagogy. The manuscript is composed of a theoretical and empirical section. The theoretical section covers literature on the subject and depicts basie problems of axiology. In this section, additionally, the concept of value was defined, selected theories referring to the hierarchy of values were presented and the significance of value in education was depicted. The manuscript addresses issues referring to the perception of values by children at the younger school age. The modeling of specified values proceeds in the course of the upbringing process. The comprehension of morał concepts is strictly linked with the intellectual maturity of pupils. Values preferred by the children at the younger school age were presented based on a survey conducted amongst III class pupils. In the study, use was madę of a technique “Draw and write” elaborated based on a technique of T. Williams, N. Wetton and A. Moon from the University of Sauthampton. Based on the analysis of drawings depicting values most estimated by the pupils, it may be concluded that the most preferred values to them are: family, religious values (God, Jesus), love, home, education, friendship, and health.
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Dynamics of the heart rate changes following standing up from the supine position was investigated in 41 healthy men aged 20 to 59 years, classified according to the age into three groups: (22 to 26 yrs, n=14), (33 to 49, yrs, n=13) and (51 to 59 yrs, n=14). The protocol consisted of twice repeated sequence: lying down - standing up - lying down. The subjects remained in each position for 8 minutes. The average and beat-to-beat heart rate (HR) were continuously calculated using the specialized computer program analysing ECG. The initial response was analysed using both the indices known from literature and newly introduced by the authors. The high reproducibility of the response was observed and the correlations between the indices were analysed. The relationship between the indices characterising the pattern of the response and age were analysed using the linear regression model. Most of these indices showed a tendency towards attenuation of the HR response with age. The closest correlation with age was found for the index characterising the initial increase of HR after standing up (r=-0.610, p<0.001). There were no correlations between the indices of HR response to standing up and the height or body mass of the healthy subjects.
Introduction. Pubescence is a life stage with the most turbulent progression of sensorimotor abilities during the transformation of a child into an adult. Differences in all sensorimotor abilities between boys and girls are become significant at this age. The progression of reaction abilities in girls decreases at this age (girls achieve peak values around the age of 15), while the reaction abilities in boys keep improving into adolescence. Younger children compared to adults and older children show a reduced ability to perform one or more tasks concurrently with a movement task. Aim of Study. The purpose of the study was to determine the time of complex reaction of the lower limbs of children. Moreover, a relationship between reaction time, age and gender was also found. Material and Methods. The research group included 81 primary school students aged 10-15 years. Subjects were divided into four groups according to age and gender (Group 1 – 9.8 to 10.8-year-old girls, n = 20; Group 2 – 10.0 to 10.7-year-old boys, n = 19; Group 3 – 14.3 to 15.3-year-old girls, n = 21; and Group 4 – 14.2 to 15.2-year-old boys, n = 21). The measurements were carried out using the FiTRO Agility Check test. A two-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences between the groups. The significance level was adjusted to 0.05. Tukey’s post-hoc test was used to determine differences between pairs of groups. Results. There are significant differences between the boys and girls aged 14-15 years. Other differences between boys and girls aged 10-11 years were not statistically significant, however, girls performed with slightly shorter reaction times. Conclusions. The research showed a significant relationship between age and complex reaction speed in the age group of 14-15 of boys and girls. This study helps to prove that boys do not have shorter complex reaction times than girls aged 10-11 years.
Auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) are widely applied to test brain ability to follow external stimulation and this appeared to be a promising method in neuropsychiatry disorders. Nevertheless, there is no established conclusion on the way aging affects phase-locking measures of ASSRs in healthy subjects. We aimed to identify the effects of aging on phase- locking measures of 40 Hz ASSR. The effect of aging was tested in a sample of 46 healthy male subjects (20-58 years old) during eyes open condition. Stimuli were 500 ms trains, consisting of 20 identical clicks (1.5 ms burst of white noise) delivered binaurally. Time-frequency analysis of the data was performed and phase-locking index, evoked amplitude and total intensity measures were extracted and decomposed by non-negative multi-way factorization. As shown by curve-fitting analyses, phase-locking index and evoked amplitudes were diminishing with age in the linear manner. This was also proven by ANOVA testing when sample was divided into age groups. No effect of age on the total intensity was found. The complexity of the factors modulating the 40 Hz ASSR is not entirely solved; nevertheless, the current results suggest that the ability to synchronize to high frequency external stimulation diminishes with age. This should be taken into account, particularly when ASSRs are used in clinical practice, comparing patients and healthy subjects.
Skład mleka klaczy zmienia się podczas laktacji. Od tych zmian zależą tempo wzrostu i rozwoju źrebiąt, natomiast na zmiany te wpływa wiele czynników, m.in. stan fizjologiczny klaczy. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu wieku oraz terminu wystąpienia i długości rui na zawartość magnezu w mleku klaczy. Badania prowadzono na 30 klaczach czystej krwi arabskiej. Stwierdzono, że poziom magnezu obniżał się w ciągu 30-dniowej laktacji, szczególnie w okresie od 4. do 12. dnia po oźrebieniu. W mleku klaczy starszych była istotnie wyższa koncentracja magnezu. Także termin wystąpienia rui oddziaływał na poziom omawianego pierwiastka - klacze z rujami dawały mleko uboższe w magnez. Mleko najzasobniejsze w magnez produkowały klacze, u których ruja trwała średnio 4-7 dni.
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