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The problem of evaluating and defining physical endurance of athletes has been the subject of a great body of research and scientific discussion. In team sports, especially football, the energy protection of working muscles in players requires the use of almost all metabolic pathways: aerobic, anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic. Because of the varying pace of action, the share of energy conversions in muscle cells changes rapidly during a match. Another concern voiced by scientists and football coaches is the question of whether fitness training should always be performed with football balls. The aim of this paper was to present the necessity of monitoring the development of aerobic fitness in football players, and also to answer the question of whether motoric training in football may be performed with balls.
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Bed rest (BR) deconditioning causes excessive increase of exercise core body tempera-ture, while aerobic training improves exercise thermoregulation. The study was designed to determine whether 3 days of 6° head-down bed rest (HDBR) affects body temperature and sweating dynamics during exercise and, if so, whether endurance training before HDBR modifies these responses. Twelve healthy men (20.7±0.9 yrs, VO2max: 46±4 ml·kg-1·min-1) underwent HDBR twice: before and after 6 weeks of endurance training. Before and after HDBR, the subjects performed 45 min sitting cycle exercise at the same workload equal to 60% of VO2max determined before training. During exercise the VO2, HR, tympanic (Ttymp) and skin (Tsk) temperatures were recorded; sweating dynamics was assayed from a ventilated capsule on chest. Training increased VO2max by 12.1% (p<0.001). Resting Ttymp increased only after first HDBR (by 0.22 ± 0.08 °C, p<0.05), while exercise equilibrium levels of Ttymp were increased (p<0.05) by 0.21 ± 0.07 and 0.26 ± 0.08 °C after first and second HDBR, respectively. Exercise mean Tsk tended to be lower after both HDBR periods. Total sweat loss and time-course of sweating responses were similar in all exercise tests. The sweating threshold related to Ttymp was elevated (p<0.05) only after first HDBR. In conclusion: six-week training regimen prevents HDBR-induced elevation of core temperature (Ttymp) at rest but not during ex-ercise. The post-HDBR increases of Ttymp without changes in sweating rate and the tendency for lower Tsk suggest an early (<3d) influence of BR on skin blood flow.
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