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Regional differences in the aortic wall are important in explaining the physicomechanical properties and disease distribution in this artery. The goat is a suitable model for studying cardiovascular disease, but the regional features of its aorta are scarcely reported. The purpose of the study was therefore to describe the regional differences in the wall of its aorta. Sixteen healthy adult male domestic goats (capra hircus) were euthanised with intravenous sodium pentabarbitone and specimens obtained from the ascending, arch, each vertebral level of descending thoracic, and various segments of abdominal aorta. The specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and routinely processed for paraffin embedding. Seven micron thick sections were stained with Mason’s Trichrome and Weigert Resorcin Fuchsin stains. Light microscopic examination revealed that the aortic wall consists of tunica intima comprising endothelium, subendothelial zone and internal elastic lamina, media, and adventitia. Endothelium comprises flat and round endotheliocytes. The population of round cells declines as the internal elastic lamina increases in prominence caudally. Tunica media in ascending, arch, and proximal thoracic aorta comprises two zones: namely a luminal elastic and adventitial musculo-elastic zone, in which muscle islands interrupt some elastic lamellae. These islands progressively diminish caudally until by the eleventh thoracic vertebra they are only patchy. Beyond this point and in the abdominal aorta they are absent and tunica media consists of regular concentric elastic lamellae. Tunica adventitia, on the other hand, increases in thickness and elastic fibre content caudally. Regional variations exist in all three layers of goat aorta. The nature of these differences suggests that they are related to haemodynamic factors. Furthermore, the variations may form the basis for regional differences in physicomechanical strength and disease distribution along the aorta. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 4: 253–257)
Adapted social behavior allows both individual and collective well‑being. At the individual level, it is a hallmark of health. Indeed, virtually all mental health disorders are associated with social deficits. We are interested in understanding the behavioral, neural, and neurochemical bases of social cognition and communication using mouse models. Here, we will review our recent data showing the crucial role of the prefrontal cortex in the organisation of adapted social interaction, the interplay between the cholinergic and the noradrenergic systems for the balance between affiliative interaction, dominance, and control of aggressiveness, and we will discuss the putative role of ultrasonic communication in social interactions in adult animals. We will see the role played by the environment of life and by the context in which interactions take place in healthy individuals and in pathological situations. Together, the data presented will offer a novel focus on the social brain – and social life – of rodents and provide some practical recommendations for future experiments.
In adult mammals cells generated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) migrate to olfactory bulbs (OB). Functional significance of this continuous neurogenesis is not clear. We injected opossums (Monodelphis domestica) for seven consecutive days with a 5HT1A agonist (8-OH-DPAT or buspirone), or its antagonist WAY100635. One hour after each of these injections bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a marker of dividing cells was also injected. Two months later, when newly generated neurons settled in the OB and matured the ability of these opossums to detect hidden food by olfactory cues was tested. Afterwards, numbers of BrdU-labeled cell nuclei in their OB were counted and a phenotype of labeled cells established. In all groups investigated the majority of new cells differentiated into neurons (55-76%) and a lower proportion into astroglia (6-12%). Numbers of BrdU-labeled cells differed depending on the applied treatment: both agonists of the 5HT1A receptor increased these numbers, while its antagonist decreased them. The increased number of new OB interneurons did not change the time required for finding all three food items and therefore did not improve the opossums' performance in this test of the olfactory perception. However, opossums that had the reduced number of new generated OB cells searched longer for each food item and in consequence took three times longer to find all three crickets, than did opossums from other groups. In conclusion, lower numbers of new neurons in the opossums OB correlated with their worse behavioral performance in a test based on olfactory perception.
The purpose of the study was determination the usefulness of the meat of adult sheep - ewes rejected from the breeding flock, to manufacturing of salami type sausages, taking into particular consideration the age and the fatty grade. Animal materials were 1-year and 4-years old East Frisian ewes and carcasses obtained from them (40 pieces). Referring to fatty grade there were given off 4 groups essentially varying in meat-to-fat proportion. The quality of carcasses, quality of meat and finished product were evaluated. Statistical significant differenced were found in percentage of round-kidney fat and covering fat contents of carcasses. In the age groups the level of carcass fat contents was increasing with ewes’ bodies’ weights. Values of pH of searched muscles were on medium, not differing standards, level. Losses arising during storing and cooking were directly increasing according to meat maturation period. Losses levels were higher in M. semimembranosus than in M. longissimus. Significant influence of age group on losses was found during storage of M. longissimus after 4 days of maturation. Values of sharing force measured in 11-th day p.m. for M longissimus were 2.8 or 3.1 kg/cm2. These values are characteristic for delicate meat comparable to lamb meat. Sharing force measured after 11 days of maturing for M. semimembranosus was higher and was 3.9 to 4.1 kg/cm2. Salami produced in two flavoring versions, independently on the maturation period, met the high acceptance of consumers. As a rule salami matured during 28 days was better assessed. Sausage made of carcasses of ewes of higher fat content had better sensory assess. Age of animals had negligible influence, statistical insignificant, on results of carried out evaluation.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1) is already known to be highly expressed in the brain, and is found in many other tissues, including the atrium of the heart. Although the complete primary structure of IP3R1 in the rat brain has been reported, the complete sequence of an IP3R1 clone from atrial myocytes has not been reported. We isolated an IP3R1 complementary DNA (cDNA) clone from isolated adult rat atrial myocytes, and found a new splice variant of IP3R1 that was different from a previously reported IP3R1 cDNA clone obtained from a rat brain (NCBI GenBank accession number: NM_001007235). Our clone had 99% similarity with the rat brain IP3R1 sequence; the exceptions were 39 amino acid deletions at the position of 1693–1731, and the deletion of phenylalanine at position 1372 that lay in the regulatory region. Compared with the rat brain IP3R1, in our clone proline was replaced with serine at residue 2439, and alanine was substituted for valine at residue 2445. These changes lie adjacent to or within the fifth transmembrane domain (2440–2462). Although such changes in the amino acid sequences were different from the rat brain IP3R1 clone, they were conserved in human or mouse IP3R1. We produced a plasmid construct expressing the atrial IP3R1 together with green fluorescent protein (GFP), and successfully overexpressed the atrial IP3R1 in the adult atrial cell line HL-1. Further investigation is needed on the physiological significance of the new splice variant in atrial cell function.
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