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Within the framework of the research on the issue, we started form the existing functional organizational structures and tax administration systems not only in Slovakia, but also in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovenia, whereas the fundamental assumption of the investigation was increased efficiency of the system as a whole. On the basis of a trend analysis we assume that the upcoming reform of the tax and customs administration will significantly contribute to an increased efficiency of the system and, eventually, to a positive perception of taxes as socially unpopular obligations.
Investigated were changes in selected redox parameters – vitamin C, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) content of goat blood plasma – as markers of oxidative stress after per os administration the N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Used were 20 Polish White Improved goats, selected from the flock of 60 animals. Within the selected goats distinguished were four groups according to somatic cell counts (SCC) of milk: group I – below 1×106, group II – 1×106-2×106, group III – 2×106-4×106 and group IV – above 4×106/ml. Concentrations of GSH, MDA and vitamin C of blond plasma were assessed just at start of the experiment and then after 7 days of daily administration of 12 mg NAC per kg body weight to goats. After 7 days of administering NAC to goats the plasma concentration of both MDA and GSH dropped and that of vitamin C increased. It is concluded that NAC administered per os increases the anti-oxidant capacity and may reduce the content of lipid peroxidation products in blood plasma of milking goats.
The aim of this article is to present an overview of the Ukrainian legislation on land-use restrictions and zoning regulation. The first part focuses on general law issues concerning land-use restrictions. The second part discusses different types of land-use restrictions according to special law regulation. The third part of the article focuses on legislation concerning certain types of land-use restrictions based on planning decisions, including land-use zoning and land development.
Blood serum concentrations and biological half-life of oxytetracycline (OTC) after long action preparations were investigated in adult sheep of the Slovak Merino breed. A the same time their local tolerance has also been observed. In the first group oxytetracycline was administered in the form of preparation Tetraxyl L. A. inj. a.u.v. and in the second group in the form of preparations Alamycin L.A. inj. a.u.v. The blood serum concentrations of OTC were studied at intervals of 1, 3, 6, 24 hours and 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after single administration of the preparations. Oxytetracycline has been determined by high HPLC chromatography. Therapeutically concentrations of OTC (above 0.5 ?g.ml-1) produced by Tetraxyl were detected within 74 hours and after Alamycin administration within 67?68 hours. Detectable concentrations of OTC (under MIC) of Tetraxyl (0.28 ?g.ml-1) and Alamycin (0.14 ?g.ml-1) were recorded in 96 hours. On the 5th day all samples in both groups were negative. Biological half-life of Tetraxyl was determined at 36.5?38.5 hours and Alamycin at 36.0?37.0 hours. Short-time palpation hyperaesthesia was recorded in 1 sheep (within 13 hours) after Tetraxyl administration and in 2 sheep (within 15 hours) from the Alamycin group. On the basis of the results it was concluded that in selected pharmaceutically parameters and also in local tolerance Tetraxyl L.A. is more favorable in comparison with Alamycin L.A.
This paper deals with the description of general conditions for contractor services in forestry operations. It describes forest policy framework, legal and institutional framework which influence design and administration of contracts in forestry. Additionally, it explains the theoretical background of property and use rights relating to the forest outputs and forest use and the main aspects of these rights that influence contract conditions. Last chapter is dedicated to the description of the present conditions in forestry contracting at the European market.
Swiss albino male mice were inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) and treated i.p. with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-α (rhTNF-) three time a week in doses of 5, 7.5 and 10μg for 2 weeks, respectively. The effect of the cytokine on EAT was evaluated by the rate of tumor growth inhibition and ultrastructural changes in EAT cell. After the applied doses of rhTNF-α, inhibition of tumor growth was found. The number of EAT cells decreased after 7.5 and 10μg of rhTNF-α (P<0.001). Ultrastructural study demonstrated a cytotoxic effect of the cytokine on EAT cells.
Ecohydrology is more than just hydrology and ecology combined. It is functional to its best only, if science, engineering and construction, public administration and political decision assist each other in an integrated scheme and on a common scale. The UNESCO Biosphere Reserve “Lobau”, part of the Danube National Park today, is dependant on all four aspects for its sustained existence. The integrated water regime in Vienna, comprising the Danube river, the “New Danube” flood control channel, the Old Danube oxbow, and the water bodies of the Lobau, is presented here. Political decisions backing the efforts of engineers and biologists enabled the municipal administration to provide all necessary resources to keep the biosphere reserve in a healthy status. Finally outlines for initialising some aspects of ecohydrology in the Danube basin are presented.
Ophthalmic diseases, especially retinal degeneration belong to prominent causes of disability in developed countries. Thus, special attention has been focused on research aimed on establishing new protocols of efficient stem cell (SC)-based therapy of these disorders. The aim of this study was to determine and optimize a new strategy of SC-based therapy of selectively damaged retina after sodium iodate (NaIO3) administration in C57BL/6J mice. First, we sought to assess the regenerative mechanisms triggered after acute chemical injury of retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina induced by NaIO3, in mice. The intravenous injection of NaIO3 provides a useful model for the study of retinal degeneration since it mimics some retinal degenerative diseases in humans, e.g., gyrate atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration. We evaluated the kinetics of morphological and functional changes within mice retinas injured with NaIO3 via: (1) morphological study; (2) evaluation of expression of selected neurotrophins (NTs) in injured retina; (3) visualization of proliferating and apoptotic cells; (4) electrophysiology. Our findings revealed that massive destruction of the tissue was associated with irreversible retinal dysfunction, whereas moderate retinal injury triggered regenerative mechanisms that restore bioelectrical function of the damaged retina. Next, we performed intravitreal transplantation of murine GFP+Lin- cells on the 1st day since NaIO3 administration. We analyzed number and localization of intravitreally injected GFP+Lin- cells within recipients’ retinas as well as the retinal functional changes (electroretinography). By employing stem/progenitor cell-based therapy we achieved noticeable improvement in retinal function, particularly in the case of only partial primary destruction of retinal tissue. Furthermore we investigated the neuroprotective effects of different NTs, administered intravitreally via genetically modified SCs into degenerating retinal tissue. The synthetic viral vectors based on lentivirus (LVs) backbone was used to deliver NT genes into mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow. Then, we conducted multipart analysis based on functional tests, e.g., electroretinography as well as histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, and molecular biology studies. We found that specific, exogenously administered NTs, such as NT4/5 could effectively stimulate photoreceptor survival in the degenerating retinas. Our findings reveal that the proposed therapeutic strategy could be recommended as adjuvant therapy supporting endogenous regeneration of acute retinal damage. However, further more extensive studies are needed before the introduction of this kind of therapy into patients.
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