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Aspirin (ASA) represents an important risk factor for gastric mucosal injury. Recently, vitamin C releasing aspirin (ASA-VitC) has been shown to reduce gastric toxicity of ASA in animal model of gastric injury. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of ASA and ASA-VitC on the gastric mucosal damage before and after Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication in 10 young healthy Hp-positive volunteers. All subjects underwent endoscopy at day 0 (before ASA or ASA-VitC treatment) and at day 3 following treatment (1.6 g ASA/day or 1.6 g ASA + 0.96 g Vit C/day). In addition, in vitro experiments were performed in which gastric mucosal cell line (MKN-45 cells) was incubated with ASA or ASA-VitC alone or in combination with H.pylori. Expression of constitutive and inducible NO synthase (cNOS, iNOS) was analyzed by Western blot. Moreover, COX-2 expression was analyzed in gastric biopsies at mRNA and protein level by RT-PCR and Western blot, repectively. In humans, treatment with ASA-VitC induced significantly less gastric mucosal lesions than plain ASA. Furthermore, in comparision to plain ASA, ASA-VitC caused stronger inhibition of cNOS and increase in iNOS expression in the gastric mucosa. in vitro studies demonstrated a significant increase in iNOS expression in MKN-45 cells incubated with Hp. This effect was aggravated by the addition of ASA, but not ASA-VitC, to MKN-45 cells incubated with H.pylori. Both ASA and ASA-VitC stimulated the COX-2 expression in the gastric mucosa. We conclude that ASA-VitC in comparison with ASA induces less gastric mucosal damage and this protective effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on iNOS expression.
The influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on elimination of trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol in the urine and liver and kidney of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase systems in rats exposed to trichloroethylene (TRI) vapours were examined. The obtained results show that acetylsalicylic acid decreased the elimination of both trichloroethylene metabolites and induced cytochrome P-450 concentration in the liver, whereas slightly inhibited cytochrome b5 and activites of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. After mixed exposures, acetylsalicylic acid elevated cytochrome P-450 concentration and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity to values observed in the control group. The concentration of cytochrome b5 was much lower than after ASA or trichloroethylene alone. The activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was strongly inhibited by TRI, whereas in ASA presence was elevated, but it was still lower than in control. Acetylsalicylic acid stimulates cytochrome P-450, however other compounds of MFO system do not react positively on this ester.
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and α-2-pyrazylidene-α-cyano N-butyl acetamide (PD-101), a new antiaggregatory pyrazine derivative were tested for their genotoxicity in human lymphocytes in vitro using the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) technique. Both compounds were found to be inactive in inducing SCE in concentration from 1 µM up to 1000 µM. The agents displayed inhibitory effect on cell kinetics.
This study aimed at evaluating the effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (150 and 300 mg/kg b.w.) on urinary trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid excretion and the liver cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase system (MFO) in rats treated with trichloroethylene (TRI) alone or with xylene (XYL) at a concentration of 4.5 mmol/m3 air. The study has shown that xylene equally decreased trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol excretion within 48 hours after exposure. Acetylsalicylic acid diminished the excretion of both trichloroethylene metabolites in a dose-dependent manner, although the effect was weaker than that of xylene.Liver cytochrome P-450 content tended to increase after both doses of ASA. There were no significant changes in cytochrome b5 content and the activities of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases. TRI decreased cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 contents and reduced both reductase activities. XYL induced all MFO components. Acetylsalicylic acid at 150 mg/kg combined with TRI inhalation tended to lower cytochrome b5 content and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activity. When given at 300 mg/kg, ASA increased cytochrome P-450 content, while cytochrome b5 content and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activity were still decreased, but to a smaller degree when compared with the lower ASA dose. XYL together with the lower dose of ASA induced the MFO system. Exposure to XYL and the higher dose of ASA elevated cytochrome P-450 content and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity and it diminished NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activity. In rats treated simultaneously with ASA, XYL and TRI both cytochromes increased in amount, while the other components of the MFO system did not change.
Various organs of Hippeastrum infected by Phoma narcissi, infested with mite, Steneotarsonemus laticeps or mechanically wounded, produce red pigment on the surface of injured tissues. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of salicylic (SA) and acetylsalicylic acids (ASA) (inhibitors of biosynthesis of jasmonates and ethylene) on red pigment formation in wounded scales of bulbs of Hippeastrum and on the mycelium growth of P. narcissi in vivo and in vitro. SA and ASA at a concentration of 1 and 2 mM partially inhibited the formation of red pigment in wounded scales, first of all in first 2 days after treatment. The growth and development of P. narcissi on basal plate and scales of longitudinally cut Hippeastrum bulb treated with SA and ASA (1 and 2 mM) was similar as in control. SA (50 µg·cm⁻³) and ASA (250 µg·cm⁻³) inhibited the mycelium growth of P. narcissi on PDA medium, and concentration of 1000 µg·cm⁻³ of both almost totally inhibited the mycelium growth of the pathogen. Inhibitory effect of SA and ASA on the formation of red pigment in wounded scales of Hippeastrum may be caused by lowered biosynthesis and accumulation of jasmonates.
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Functional-eicosanoid-test (FET) and disease

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Eicosanoids are involved in most cellular activities. Measurement of their levels in tissue or blood renders information about the function of activated cells. An extended analysis will improve the conclusions regarding eicosanoid-related diseases. Peripheral white blood cells (WBC) were used for the test. Stimulating or inhibiting substances to influence the generation and the metabolism of eicosanoids were separately added to the samples. Prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT) were measured after incubation in culture medium for 20 minutes at room temperature. Healthy controls rendered normal data. Patients with intolerance to acetylsalicylic acid (ASS) showed an elevated output of PG and LT upon stimulation. Addition of ASS shifted from PG to LT. An altered pattern of eicosanoids also was found in patients suffering from gastroduodenal ulcer and in intestinal malignancy. The senstivity regarding the ASS-intolerance is >80% and the specifity in the same group >70%. We concluded that the FET is a suitable test for the demonstration and verification of intolerance to ASS. It also detects an imbalance of the eicosanoids in intestinal malignancy. This makes the FET a helpful tool for diagnosis and for the elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms.
In 1922, Widal et al. were the first to describe intolerance reactions to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, e.g. in aspirin) and to other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The full clinical picture reveals a classic triad of symptoms (Samters Triad): aspirin induced bronchial asthma (with severe acute asthma attacks), aspirin-sensitivity and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. In many cases, nasal polyps reveal as the first symptom of ASA sensitivity indicating that the upper airways are predominantly involved in the pathogenetic process. Therefor, emphasis of this article mainly focuses on the upper airways in ASA-intolerant patients. In the last decade, clear evidence has been pointed out that ASA-intolerance is related to the abnormal metabolism of arachidonic acid leading towards excessive leukotriene (LTs) production. The resulting dysbalance of the eicosanoids leukotrien and prostaglandine might be the crucial pathophysiologic keypoint of the disease. The incidence of aspirin hypersensitivity in the general population ranges from 0.6 % to 2.5% and in adult astmatics from 4,3 % to 11%. Besides the patients history, challenge tests with Lysin-aspirin are performed as the diagnostic tool of choice. Apart from surgical or pharmacological therapy, ASA desensitization therapy is the only specific treatment of choice. As first described by Stevensson et al. in the early 1984, oral administration by means of an initial desensitization with gradually ascending doses of aspirin is followed by a daily maintenance-dose. In the last years, many publications on various desensitization protocols and routes of administration have been worked out. Recently, the intravenous route for the inititial increment desensitization has been described which might offer new therapeutical possibilities in the treatment of ASA-intolerant patients.
The objective of the experiment was to define if in ovo injection of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) during the final stage of embryogenesis has an effect on morphotic parameters and heart work of chicken embryos subjected to hyperthermia. Eggs (n=420) from a broiler breeder flock were incubated under standard conditions. On the 18th d of incubation, they were injected with 5 mg of ASA/50 µl of 0.9% NaCI and subsequently incubated during the hatching period under control (T=37.2°C) and hyperthermic (T=38.5°C) conditions. The cardiac function in the embryos was measured every day at the same time using contactless ballistocardiography. After hatching, the hearts were collected from randomly selected embryos or one-day old chicks to determine heart weight, relative heart weight, and ventricle wall thickness. It was shown that hyperthermia during the final stage of embryogenesis accelerated heart rate, inhibited its development, and reduced chicken hatchability. The injection of ASA on the 18th d of incubation in the group of embryos exposed to hyperthermia caused the heart rate to decrease to near optimum values. The administration of ASA also limited a decrease in heart weight and ventricle wall thickness, and improved chicken hatchability.
The aim of this study was to establish the effect of different concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by phagocyting cells. A method of chemiluminescence level measurement was used. Acetylsalicylic acid depressed spontaneous and zymosan-induced chemiluminescence in whole blood samples and in secretion from inflamed udder samples in concentrations of 500 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml. ASA in a concentration of 50 μg/ml increased the chemiluminescence level in whole blood taken from healthy cows.
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