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Under a scanning microscope, leaves from tissue cultures (after 8 weeks in vitro culturing), from 1 year old regenerants and from the 100 years old donor tree were studied. More abnormalities were observed in the tissue culture compared to regenerant and donor. During tissue culture transfer rapid, leaf dehydration occurs due to defective regulation mechanisms making stomata of tissue culture stay open. Epidermis as well as stomata cells were observed already on the leaves in in vitro conditions, but they become physiologically functioning only after transfer into conditions of natural environment.
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Quality of Japanese larch stands in Poland

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The quality of 39 Japanese larch stands, mainly in north-western Poland, was characterized. On the basis of the presented results it can be concluded that properly managed forest stands of Japanese larch can compete in trees quality with stands of native larches. The alien species is more susceptible to a lower stand density and exposure to strong winds. This is no correlation between forest stand quality and growth dynamics.
The effect of water deficit on the ATP-dependent proteolysis and total protein degradation was estimated in the leaves of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) acclimated and non-acclimated to drought. The rate of ATP-dependent proteolysis, quantified as a difference between degradation of ¹²⁵I-lysozyme under ATP-regenerating and ATP-depleting systems, accounted for about 55 % of total ¹²⁵I-lysozyme degradation in fully turgid wheat leaves. In the non-acclimated leaves dehydration decreased sharply ATP-dependent proteolysis catalyzed by proteasome down to about 5% while in the leaves acclimated to drought water deficit raised ATP-dependent proteolysis to 87 % of total 125I-lysozyme hydrolysis.
Explants of apical buds of sandy everlasting Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench sterilized with calcium hypochlorite – Ca(OCl₂) were placed onto Murashige- -Skoog (MS) growth medium enriched with 1 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN (kinetin) in two consecutive passages. To optimize the procedure of in vitro micropropagation, the axillary shoots of Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench were transferred during the third passage onto 9 different combinations of MS medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs-free medium), with different concentrations of KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) and KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) (0.5 mg dm⁻³). The highest mean number of shoots (24.7) was observed on MS medium with 5 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN and 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA. The achieved branched shoots were rooted and acclimatized. Rhizogenesis was intensified by the presence of growth hormones: 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA or 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IBA (indole-3-butyric acid). At the stage of acclimation of plantlets the application of a water solution of MS salts (25%) for watering the plants increased the efficacy of plant acclimation from 56 to 75%.
In wheat leaves acclimated and non-acclimated to water deficit the azocaseinolytic activities of endoproteinases were increased about 7-fold under drought conditions. Under such conditions both the pH dependence profile and the endoproteinase pattern were also changed. The predominant contribution of serine proteinase (about 50% of total endoproteinase activity) remains unaltered in the drought stressed leaves. Cysteine proteinase was induced to the same extent in the drought-stressed leaves irrespective of the acclimation pretreatment, while the contribution of aspartic proteinase was reduced upon water deficit but in the acclimated stressed leaves was as high as in the non-stressed leaves. These changes in the pattern of endoproteinases seem to imply that the water
The increasing demands being placed on natural grasslands in the era following the appearance of Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis require that forage crops provide a reliable extended season of growth, combined with good winter survival to ensure sward longevity. The ability to tolerate sub-zero temperatures is integral to the survival of perennial forages. Since the development of freezing tolerance is crucial to the survival and productivity of over-wintering crops, forage breeding programmes require an improved understanding of the individual characteristics that contribute to tolerance to sub-zero temperatures. Photosynthesis, carbohydrate content and changes in protein composition were investigated in two varieties of Lolium perenne which differ in their response to growth at low temperature.
The aim of the present work was to investigate the acclimation potential of acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium Willd×Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth)vegetative propagules to soil water stress in the nursery of Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Chittagong University. Acacia hybrid showed significant decrease in total plant biomass in two months water-stressed conditions. Allocation of assimilates to root growth relative to shoot found to be an important acclimation mechanism. Leaf area ratio (LAR)increased under water-stressed plants with simultaneous increase in specific leaf area (SLA)but almost no change in leaf weight ratio (LWR). Significant increase in LAR with limited water supply by increasing SLA was likely to be an important acclimation potential since this relative increase in leaf area compensated, at least partially, for a lower photosynthesis under water-stressed conditions aswas evident from decreased mean total biomass under water-stressed regimes.
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