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Abnormalities of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle are rare but have received increased attention by radiologists in recent years in an attempt to avoid confusion with submental cysts or enlarged submental lymph nodes on CT or MR images. We present a case of bilateral accessory digastric muscles which fuse (partially) with the midline raphe of the mylohyoid muscle. Fibres from the right accessory anterior digastric muscle proceeded to decussate and join the mylohyoid muscle and the contralateral insertion of the digastric muscle. Embryological development and possible clinical consequences are discussed.
The authors report a case of double-orifice mitral valve (DOMV) which showed mitral stenosis and mild insufficiency. An associated anomaly was secundum atrial septal defect. DOMV is an unusual congenital heart defect. The occurrence of this anomaly with or without secundum atrial septal defect is very rare. More often it is associated with other congenital malformations arising from atrioventricular canal defects. There may be no haemodynamic consequences but mitral insufficiency and/or stenosis may complicate this malformation. Treatment can be summarised as abstention, surgical repair or valve replacement.
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Acute aortic dissection - case description

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Aortic dissection is a tearing in the inner wall of the aorta which spreads along the wall of the vessel. Acute aortic dissection is one of acute aortic syndromes, that is, sudden clinical conditions which are associated with abnormalities of the aortic wall and threaten patient’s life. It is estimated that the number of aortic dissections in Poland amounts to around 1000 cases per year. The symptoms of aortic dissection are so equivocal that they may suggest other diseases of various organs in the thorax and abdominal cavity. The described case of a 57-year-old man is an example of a complication of hypertension which, as a result of an isometrical physical effort, caused tearing of an inner membrane and forming of an aortic dissection of type I in the DeBakey classification. After performing medical imagining the patient with the diagnosis of aortic dissection, hematoma in the pseudoaneurysm cavity and renal infarction was submitted to emergency cardiac surgery. The diagnostics and selection of a place at cardiac surgery were carried out within an hour. However, the surgery did not take place, because the patient died due to a circulatory collapse. Acute aortic dissection is subject to high mortality rate during the first hour since the onset of symptoms. Therefore, rapid recognition is crucial for the further prognosis of the patient.
The purpose of the study was to estimate the incidence of urinary system congenital malformations and to analyze their clinical manifestations. The study comprised children hospitalized in the Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children's Hospital, Lublin, between 2000 and 2003. Urinary system congenital malformations were diagnosed in 16,2% of studied children. The most common urinary system congenital malformations was vesico-ureteral reflux (75,2%). The most common clinical manifestation was urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence and/or nocturnal enuresis, and abdominal pain. In 2% of patients, urinary system congenital anomalies were detected accidentally.
Zaburzenia w zapisie Ekg charakterystyczne dla niedokrwiennej choroby serca były częstsze (15%) u pacjentów z otyłością typu brzusznego niż u osób z otyłością pośladkowo-udową (3%). Wykazano, że podwyższone ciśnienie skurczowe i rozkurczowe oraz poziom cholesterolu i trójglicerydów w surowicy są częstsze w otyłości brzusznej (AO) niż w otyłości pośladkowo-udowej (GO).
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Gas exchange abnormalities in patients listed for liver transplantation

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Abnormalities of pulmonary gas exchange are common in patients with advanced liver disease. Since arterial blood hypoxemia is an important issue in the preoperative evaluation of liver transplant candidates, the study was undertaken to determine the incidence and severity of lung function impairment with a special emphasis on pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities in this group of patients. 104 consecutive patients (47 F and 57 M, mean age 46 ±11 yr) listed for orthotopic liver transplantation participated in this prospective study. All patients underwent evaluation including: clinical assessment (Child-Pough and MELD classification), chest X-ray, chest sonography, lung function tests, arterial blood gases measurement, and transthoracic contrast enhanced echocardiography. There were 2 patients with acute hepatic failure, 6 patients with primary or metastatic liver carcinoma, and 96 patients with chronic liver disease. The mean PaO2 and lung function parameters for the entire group were within normal limits. There were 29 hypoxemic patients (PaO2< 80 mmHg) and 40 patients with widened (>20 mmHg) P(A-a)O2. DLCO was significantly lower in cirrhotic vs. non-cirrhotic patients (76.5 ±19.3 vs. 92.4 ±19.0% predicted; P<0.001). Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) was recognized in 23 (24%) patients. 91% of patients with HPS showed mild to moderate stage of disease. There were significant difference between differences HPS patients and non-HPS patients in DLCO (69.0 ±14.5 vs. 83.5 ±20.7, P<0.01). In conclusion, all patients referred for OLT should be screened for gas exchange abnormalities. Such a workup should include not only PAO2 but also DLCO and P(A-a)O2 measurement together with contrast enhanced echocardiography.
Dental abnormalities including polydonty, oligodonty, extra roots, different root morphotype, root fusion, different crown morphotype, crown reduction, partial crown eruption, supernumerary cusp, irregularities in the position of the teeth, and malocclusion were studied in a set of 785 red foxVulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) skulls (401 males, 273 females, and 111 individuals of unknown sex) from the Czech Republic. Three hundred sixty one cases of deviations from normal were found in 170 specimens (21.7%). Most of the deviations were variants within a genetically determined range. The prevalent dental variants included an extra root of M1 (5.7% specimens), and different root morphotype of P1 (1.9% specimens). On the other hand, the real dental anomalies, eg polydonty, occurred seldom within the population. P1 1 and M3 were missing significantly more frequently among females than among males unlike the other deviations, which were divided equally between the sexes. No differences were found between the left and right side of the jaw. Irregularities in the position of the teeth and oligodonty (excluding P1 1, M3) appeared significantly more abundantly on mandible, whereas extra roots and polydonty were more common on the maxilla. There was no relationship between the incidence of dental abnormalities and the relative mandible and rostrum length.
In order to determine the effect of different production systems on muscle ultrastructure in meat-type chickens, we examined m. gastrocnemius and m. pectoralis superficialis in two lines of chickens (Anak Titan and Isa 215) raised in three different technological systems (indoors in a conventional facility, indoors with limited outdoor access and outdoors with an umbrella roof). Our previous study showed some abnormalities in the histological structure of these muscles. We hypothesized that electron microscopy, having a strategic position in muscle examination, would provide insight into changes in muscle tissue revealed by light microscopy. The results of the study indicate that the muscles examined undergo ultrastructural alterations regardless of the muscle type, chicken line and production system. The abnormalities observed in the present study were found to affect many aspects of fiber ultrastructure impairing function of the myofibrillar apparatus – the structure of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum, defects of the sarcolemma as well as the appearance of remnants resulting from fiber disintegration. Abnormal responses were found primarily in myofibrils and mitochondria, and – to a lesser extent – in other structures of muscle fibers. We suggest that the majority of the changes observed may lead to muscle damage followed by pathology. The severity of these changes was particularly evident in the muscles of chickens of the Isa 215 line (highly selected) kept outdoors with an umbrella roof. The observations point to a dependence of the above changes on the line of chickens and rearing conditions. Therefore, the limited potential of highly selected broilers to adapt to different environmental conditions should be taken into account while selecting a new production technology.
Allothrombium meridionale Berlese, 1910 is redescribed based on type material originating from Italy and specimens collected in Mosel Valley, Germany. Characteristics of larvae, deutonymphs and adults are provided. Data on habitat specificity and phenology of the species as well as on developmental time of larvae are given. Morphological abnormalities have been observed under laboratory conditions in larvae which hatched from eggs not exposed to lower temperatures, contrary to larvae that hatched from eggs after chilling. Larvae of Allothrombium triticium Zhang, 1995 sensu Goldarazena and Zhang (1997), reported from Spain, are considered to represent A. meridionale. An identification key to species of Allothrombium, including central European members of the genus known from adults and world species known from larvae is provided. Phanolophus oedipodarum (Frauenfeld, 1868), is new to the fauna of Germany.
Najistotniejszym celem badań prowadzonych w latach 1982—1985 było scharakteryzowanie aktualnego żywienia się uczniów i stwierdzenie ewentualnych zmian w stanie ich zdrowia i odżywienia. Badane próbki obejmowały wylosowaną młodzież w wieku 11—15 lat, z wszystkich dzielnic Warszawy. Zgłaszalność wahała się w zależności od roku badań w granicach od 85% do 89%. Badania zawsze wykonywano wiosną. Szczegóły metodyczne opublikowano w kilku wcześniejszych pracach. Obecna publikacja przedstawia część wyników badań nad stanem odżywienia i sposobem żywienia się młodzieży w wieku pokwitania. Stwierdzono między innymi, że trendy w spożyciu składników odżywczych przez młodzież były w latach od 1982 do 1985 stabilne. Diety uczniów charakteryzowały się dużą zawartością tłuszczu zwierzęcego (36—37%), zbyt małą zawartością węglowodanów złożonych (52—53%) i w zasadzie wystarczającą zawartością białka ogółem (11% ogółu energii). Zawierały ponadto zbyt mało białka i tłuszczu pochodzenia roślinnego, wapnia, witamin C, B1, B2. Ryzyko niedoboru (umiarkowane i wysokie) było najczęstsze w przypadku następujących witamin oznaczonych w surowicy krwi: witaminy C, folacyny, B1, B2 i B6. W ostatnich latach zaobserwowano tendencję malejącą w częstości występowania ryzyka niedoboru witamin. Równocześnie stwierdzono częstsze występowanie otyłości oraz trend w kierunku większych wartości średnich wysokości ciała. Zaznaczyła się tendencja wzrostu odsetka dzieci z niedokrwistością i późniejsze występowanie menarche u dziewcząt. Obraz nieprawidłowości występujących w żywieniu młodzieży i w ich stanie odżywienia jest złożony, gdyż występują objawy zarówno spowodowane niedoborem, jak i nadmiarem spożycia składników odżywczych. Wyniki badań są dobrą podstawą do sformułowania zaleceń co do pożądanych zmian w żywieniu uczniów.
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