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The paper presents characteristics of the development level in rural and urban-rural communes, situated in border areas of three Voivodeships in western Poland (Zachodniopomorskie, Lubuskie and Dolnośląskie). In order to classify and compare rural areas, Hellwig’s synthetic measure was used. The analysis showed that communes with a high level of development are concentrated mainly in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship, including Szczecin’s suburban area as well as the Baltic coastal zone.
Sediments, being the most important source of phosphorus (P) in the shallow (max. depth 7.2 m), polymictic Swarzędzkie Lake during the summer, were thoroughly studied in laboratory experiments with intact cores sampled at 7 stations in four seasons of the year. Under anaerobic conditions P release rates peaked in the samples from the deepest part of the lake at 26.86 mgP m⁻²d⁻¹. However, the highest rates were determined at one of the littoral sites (near the mouth of a polluted stream) at 59.5 mgP m⁻²d⁻¹. Littoral P release coincided with occasionally low oxygen concentrations (0.2 mgO₂ l⁻¹) above the bottom. On the scale of the whole lake, P release from the littoral zone, where both temperature and oxygen concentration were highly variable, had the strongest influence on the trophic state. It accounted for 63% of the annual internal load but only 55% of total lake area.
The stomach content of 74 wild boars harvested in the Zielonka Game Investigation Centre in 2005-2007 were analyzed. According to the hunting management schedule and the cycles of forest and farmland food occurrence, three research seasons were selected and compared with respect to the trophic behaviour of wild boar. As many authors claimed, the animals extraordinarily tended to eat mainly the feed supplied to the forest. Such a disruption in the natural use of the food niche in the forest environment, resulting from an irrational feeding policy, interferes with the natural trophic role of this species.
In this study, generic composition of food and foraging preferences of the European beaver were determined on sites where the beavers were reintroduced after more than 200 years of absence. Research area was located on lowland (Silesian Lowland) and highland habitats (Bystrzyckie Mountains, Wałbrzyskie Mountains) in western Poland. During the study period, 17,418 trees and shrubs growing within the feeding area of the beavers were marked, out of which 4,669 were found to be cut by beavers. The results showed that the foraging preferences of beavers depend on the availability and diversity of the local food sources. In the lowlands beavers preferred the following species of trees and shrubs as their primary food source: Salix cinerea, S. fragilis, S. caprea, Cornus sanguinea and Populus tremula. In the highlands, beavers preferred Corylus avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, and Fagus sylvatica due to the low availability of Salix and Populus species. Moreover, in the highlands, beavers had to cover longer distances to reach the feeding sites and had to cut trees with larger diameter than in the lowlands.
Two localities of Pupilla pratensis were found in the environs of Gubin and Stęszew, W. Poland. Only one recent record of the species, earlier regarded as an ecotype of the widespread P. muscorum, was known from Poland. Consequently, the distribution and conservation status of the species are not well known. Our data indicate that P. pratensis is rare and has specific habitat requirements. In our study area it was found in only two out of 71 examined localities of a very similar habitat type and sampled on the same occasions. The two localities are wet meadows covered by sedges (mostly Carex acutiforis) growing on a calcareous peat substratum of lacustrine origin; the species is accompanied by two rare and legally protected vertiginids: Vertigo angustior and V. moulinsiana.
The fauna of Ceraphronoidea in Poland is exceptionally poorly known; only eleven species of Ceraphronidae and five of Megaspilidae have been recorded so far. The occurrence of another species, Aphanogmus terminalis (FÖRSTER) (Ceraphronidae) is reported here, on the basis of a male specimen reared from a gall of Rhabdophaga sp. (Cecidomyiidae) collected near Poznań, Western Poland. This minute wasp has been known so far only from Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Ireland and Romania.
The studies on the role of recently established shelterbelts as refuges available for wintering insects were carried out in the years 1994–2002. Soil and litter samples were taken (the material being sorted manually) from five young (up to 7 years old) and two older midfield shelterbelts, from the ecotone zones and from the adjacent croplands. A high numbers (250–400 ind. m⁻²) of insects, which biomass varied between 950 and 2300 mg dry wt. m⁻², were found to overwinter in young (4–7 years old) shelterbelts. The insects formed communities (dominated by Coleoptera) represented by over 50 families. Effects of the shelterbelt’s age, the presence or absence of litter, specific composition of trees and the location of sampling plots within the shelterbelt on wintering insects are discussed.
The paper presents research results of roadside vegetation which were carried out along public roads with hardened surface within the forest and agricultural areas in Szczecin Lowland (West Poland). Mosaic of habitat conditions observed along roadsides was suitable for development over 39 syntaxa from 10 classes of vegetation. The significant diversity of roadside vegetation of anthropogenic origin was found in agricultural regions, whereas within the forest areas mostly autogenic roadside vegetation were observed. Spatial distribution of roadside plant associations was related to the zonal structure of roadside profile. Anthropogenic associations were connected with narrow stripes adjoining to the roads but autogenic ones prefered roadside ditches and slopes. Majority of plant associations, regardless of the way of land use, found suitable habitat conditions in the roadside ditches.
On the basis of the experimental data of COBORU the time and spatial distribution of the dates of sowing, harvesting and of the cucumber (conserve varieties) growth stages in western Poland was characterized. The length of the conserve cucumber growth periods varied more in the years 1965–2004, and it was on average seven times as large as the length of agrotechnical and phenological periods and the largest was the period from fruit setting to the beginning of harvesting (v = 57%), and the smallest was attributed to the date of sowing (v = 3%). During 1965–2004, a linear trend was proved and it was found to be negative for almost all phenological dates, for harvesting and for the length of conserve cucumber growth periods, except for the date of sowing and the period from the end of emergence to the beginning of fruit setting. On the basis of the date of sowing, the former phenological dates and the time trend, the dates of phenological stages, harvesting and the length of cucumber vegetation periods can be separately forecast in the area of western Poland with the accuracy of 92.3 to 99.3%. The length of the period from sowing to the end of conserve cucumber harvesting in western Poland (113 days) was longer by 46 days than that of the period from sowing to the beginning of harvesting and at the same time it was slightly less differentiated spatially.
The density and species composition of Thysanoptera were estimated in three shelterbelts with different age located in arable land (Turew area, West Poland). It was stated, that 100 years old shelterbelts supply favorable habitats for the community of these insects: the occurrence of species connected closely with the shelterbelt and the stable species composition were found there. In the young shelterbelt (two years after planting). Thysanoptera constituted a community dynamically changing. In several (7–8) years old shelterbelt the community of these insects showed the features characteristic for community noted in 100 years old shelterbelt.
Small mammals were studied in two midfield shelterbelts (6–7 and 170 years old) in Turew area (west Poland). Eight species: Apodemus flavicollis, A. sylvaticus, A. agrarius, Mus musculus, Micromys minutus, Microtus arvalis, M. agrestis, Clethrionomys glareolus were found. Species structure was significantly different between studied shelterbelts. In the old shelterbelt species characteristic for forest environments dominated. Species structure in the old shelterbelts was more stable than in the young one.
The study was carried out in 1999–2000 in midfield shelterbelts located in mosaic agricultural landscape near village Turew (West Poland) with the aid of transect method (total length amounted to 4520 m). Five shelterbelts (transect length – 3070 m) have been planted in 1993 and one shelterbelt (transect length – 1450 m) in 1998. All the shelterbelts have been planted on arable land. Twenty seven species of butterflies (imagines) were recorded during the study period. Pieris napi and P.rapae dominated in all shelterbelts. Their dominance in 6–7 years old shelterbelts amounted to 30 and 24%, respectively, while in younger one (1–2 years old) – 34 and 32%. Total mean density of butterflies in older shelterbelts was equal to 91.9 ind. km⁻¹ of transect (width 5 m) – and was about 40% higher than in the younger one. Lower dominance of Aphantopus hyperantus (8%) observed in 6–7 years shelterbelts (when compared to several tens years ones) was most likely caused by small share of grasses and perennial dicotyledons, which are important for this species. The butterflies recorded in shelterbelts may be assigned to four ecological groups: ubiquistic species (7 spp.), species typical for open area (10 spp.), species linked to afforestations (3 spp.) and woodland (7 spp.). In all studied shelterbelts most abundant were ubiquistic species and open areas species (Pieris rapae and P. napi) with no respect to age of shelterbelt. Also some rare species with higher environmental demands were recorded, i.e., Polyommatus amandus and Carterocephalus palaeon, which have not been previously observed in the study area.
Poznano proces powstawania przedsiębiorstw agrobiznesu na obszarach wiejskich zachodniej i wschodniej Polski. Badaniami objęto 311 przedsiębiorstw reprezentujących obszary wiejskie zachodniej Polski i 305 firm ze wschodniej części kraju. Badania przeprowadzono na przełomie 2004 i 2005 roku. Spośród objętych badaniami firm odpowiednio 12,0% położonych w części zachodniej i 8,7% ze wschodniej części kraju rozpoczęło swoją działalność przed 1989 r. Dynamiczny rozwój przedsiębiorczości w agrobiznesie rozpoczął się dopiero po 1989 roku. Badani przedsiębiorcy prowadzili głównie przedsiębiorstwa wielobranżowe, szukając swojej szansy w różnych sferach aktywności gospodarczej. Zdecydowana większość objętych badaniami firm, bo powyżej 60%, zatrudniało do 9 pracowników. Generalnie wielkość firm agrobiznesu na obszarach wiejskich wschodniej Polski pod względem zatrudnienia była znacznie mniej korzystna niż w zachodniej Polsce. Stwierdzono, że ok. Vi objętych badaniami firm agrobiznesu posiadało relatywnie dobry poziom wyposażenia technicznego. Uzyskane wyniki badań, pozwalają stwierdzić, że lokalizacja podmiotów gospodarczych ma znaczący wpływ zarówno na proces powstawania, jak i rozwoju przedsięwzięć gospodarczych.
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