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Low-flows are an important component of the river regime. Their identification advances our knowledge about the formation of water resources in drought conditions. The analyses that we have carried out aimed to indicate the spatial structure of these flows. Our study area was the Warta River catchment up to the water-gauge at Sieradz. The input research material consisted of a sequence of daily discharge data for 12 gauging stations located in this catchment, in the period of 1971-2000, made available by IMGW-PIB. At the first stage, periodic flows based on flow time-duration curve and annual minimum flows were determined. Their values have been converted into specific flows, which facilitated the conduct of comparative analyses. On the basis of the obtained results, the spatial variability of low-flows in studied catchment was evaluated. The annual number of days with low-flows was identified for all gauge sections. The dynamics and distribution of low flow appearing in the multiannual period were evaluated. The analyses we have carried out made it possible to identify the factors, which determine the structure of low-flows. Research results have been illustrated with relevant maps and graphs.
In the present study, identification of hydrological drought was made, assuming that the low-flow period, which is a symptom of drought, is also a good estimator of its progression. The research was conducted in the upper Warta river catchment, for which the series of daily discharge for 12 gauging stations from the period 1971–2000 were available. The low-flow periods were identified on the basis of the constant threshold level, which corresponds to the 70th percentile of the flow duration curve (Q70%). For the identified low-flow episodes, parameters pertaining to its duration, streamflow deficit, and flow dynamics have been estimated. The established identification and separation criteria made it possible to assess the simple and compound hydrological droughts. Transformation of characteristics related to low-flow duration, relative drought streamflow deficit as well as low-flows’ share in the total number of gauging stations resulted in the evaluation of hydrological drought in terms of its severity and range. The characteristics, which constitute estimators of hydrological drought progression and recession rate, made it possible to define the determinants of the studied phenomenon along with its variability in time.
Data concerning the systematic determination of anionic surfactants (AS) and non-ionic surfactants (NS) over the period 1990-2000 in a single sampling point (Poznan) is reported, as well as data concerning the determination of these surfactants along the whole of the River Warta measured in 1997-1999. The indirect tensammetric method was applied for the determination of non-ionic surfactants, while the MBAS method was applied for the determination of anionic surfactants. The: average concentration of NS over the period 1990-2000 showed a highly increasing tendency, from approximately 25 mug l(-1) to approximately 150 mug l(-1). The average spring-summer concentration of AS over this period fluctuated around the value of 140 mug l(-1), while autumn-winter average concentrations showed a gradual decrease in average concentration over the last five years, from approximately 300 mug l(-1) to approximately 150 mug l(-1).
Geobotanical studies conducted in spring in 2011–2012 in the Zagórów polder washland, covered by the ecological restoration programme, provided assessment of current nature value of plant communities and indicated potential directions of their further transformations as a result of changes in habitat water content levels. Based on the analyses of 77 relevés of 50–100 m2 each, prepared following the Braun-Blanquet method, water levels were assessed by phytoindication using moisture indicator values (F) according to Ellenberg et al. (1992). Moreover, nature value of vegetation was assessed based on the botanical structure, geo-historical spectrum, life form structure as well as the nature valuation index in the 10-point scale according to Oświt (2000). Based on relevés the area was valuated using the point score method according to Mahon & Miller (2003). An attempt was made to indicate potential directions of changes in vegetation, based on the determination of dependencies between certain parameters assessing its current condition and habitat conditions. Habitat water content connected with the supply of water through a network of culverts, geomorphology of the area and land use, affects the distribution of phytocenoses in the polder and their considerable diversity, which was confirmed by the identification of 19 plant communities from six phytosociological classes. Further maintenance of water relations and land use results in the transformation of plant communities: in the vicinity of culverts – towards the class Phragmitetea, in swamps and around small water bodies – towards communities of the classes Salicetea purpurea or Alnetea glutinosae, at longer distances from culverts in leveled and agriculturally utilised areas – towards the orders Trifolio fragiferae-Agrostietalia stoloniferae and Molinietalia, while in areas at valley margins the succession progresses towards communities of the class Nardo-Callunetea.
The main problem analysed in this paper is the impact of sediment accumulation and vegetation growth on transport of dissolved substances in a river. The system studied is the reach of the Warta River located upstream of the Jeziorsko Reservoir inlet. The three processes, namely sediment deposition, vegetation growth, and pollutant transport, are crucial for the functionality of reservoir. Classical HEC-RAS package is used for the reconstruction of steady flow conditions in the river reach. The transport of admixture is simulated by means of convection – dispersion model with additional elements describing storage of solutes in the floodplains. The results that the degree of maximum concentration decreases as the river bed geometry and vegetation cover are changed.
Qualitative analysis of algae, including microhabitats and vascular vegetation in a spring niche, together with basic physical and chemical characteristics is presented. 175 diatom taxa as well as taxa of macroalgae and vascular plants were determined in the spring niche, and the community types were defined. Seasonal variability of diatom communities was observed. The influence of a flood as a catastrophe on the community of diatoms and macroalgae was noticed.
Nearly 200 hectares of grasslands in “Majątek Rogalin” (the Rogalin Estate) are situated on the Warta River floodplain, about 17 miles south of Poznań. Six positions of protected species have been found here. There are 10 regionally endangered species, while in the whole country – eight. Eighty-three plant communities belonging to 15 classes in phyto-sociological terms have been identified. Due to habitat conditions and manner of use, rushes of Phragmitetea rushes (18), Molinio-Arrhenatheretea grasslands (18), and Artemisietea vulgaris herbaceous species (12) are the most abundantly represented. Natural arrangements predominate (nearly 68%), but semi-natural ones (19%) are also numerous. A total of 30 phytocenons (over 37%) are endangered. Following items are directly threatened with extinction (E): poplar riparian forest Populetum albae, herbaceous plants Veronico longifoliae-Euphorbietum lucidae, and cnidion meadow Violo stagninae-Molinietum caeruleae. Poplar riparian forest is very rare, and 15 associations are counted to rare ones. There have been 33 communities representative for 10 protected habitat types, including three – the priority ones. Considering the surface, following meadows dominate: Stellario palustris-Deschampsietum cespitosae and Rumici-Alopecuretum pratensis, in which 20–23 species have been reported. Cnidion meadows are much more abundant (from 29 to 42 species). Natural and cultural values of the area were noticed a long time ago, which was reflected in numerous publications and proposals for protection: Rogalin Landscape Park, nature and landscape area “Rogalin Łęgi”, Natura 2000 – Rogalin Warta River Valley, and together with the Wielkopolski National Park “The Special Protection Area – Rogalin Refuge”. “Majątek Rogalin” implements the environmental programs, which means that farming is subordinated to nature conservation. Active protection and maintaining the traditional way of management contribute to the preservation of existing natural values .
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