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The aim of this study has been to determine the influence of sewage sludge on the content of selected trace elements in Virginia mallow and in the soil after harvesting these plants. Sewage sludge was the source of nitrogen and phosphorus for the plants, while potassium was supplied in the form of mineral fertilisers. Virginia mallow plants grown without fertilisation served as the contnrol. The form and dose of sewage sludge did not have any larger effect on the concentrations of copper and zinc in the plants. The content of manganese and chromium increased as the the dose of either form of sewage sludge increased. In turn, the content of nickel in Virginia mallow tended to decrease as the doses of sludge rose. The biomass of Virginia mallow contained significantly more cadmium when fertilised with sewage sludge. Significantly more Mn and Pb accumulated in the soil which had been enriched with wet sewage sludge, while the soil treated with pelleted sewage sludge contained more Cd. The soil content of Zn, Mn, Pb and Cr tended to increase as the dose of sewage sludge increased. With respect to nickel and cadmium, their soil content was significantly differentiated by the applied doses of sewage sludge but the direction of these modifications was inconsistent. The forms or doses of sewage sludge applied left the content of copper in soil unaffected. Concerning the accumulation in the aerial parts of Virginia mallow plants, the heavy metals can be ordered as follows: Cd < Cu < Cr < Ni < Zn < Mn. Generally, sewage sludge applied in doses that covered the demand of Virginia mallow for nitrogen and phosphorus did not cause excessive increase in the content of heavy metals in the crop’s aerial biomass. However, an increase in the dose of sewage sludge tended to raise the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in soil after harvest of Virginia mallow.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu wilgotności biomasy roślinnej (ślazowca pensylwańskiego) oraz nacisku jednostkowego tłoka na parametry brykietowania (zagęszczania), podatność surowca na zagęszczanie oraz jakość uzyskanych aglomeratów. Zagęszczanie surowca przeprowadzano przy wykorzystaniu maszyny wytrzymałościowej Zwick typ ZO2O/TN2S i zespołu prasującego z matrycą zamkniętą o średnicy komory 15 mm. Wilgotność materiału wynosiła od 10 do 18%. Zagęszczanie prowadzono dla trzech maksymalnych nacisków jednostkowych tłoka na materiał 57 MPa, 85 MPa i 113 MPa. Stwierdzono, że wraz ze wzrostem wilgotności rośnie gęstość materiału w komorze i rozprężenie aglomeratu, natomiast maleje gęstość aglomeratu oraz praca zagęszczania. Wzrost wilgotności polepsza podatność surowca na zagęszczanie oraz pogarsza jakość aglomeratów pod względem ich wytrzymałości. Wraz ze zwiększeniem nacisku tłoka rośnie gęstość aglomeratu, praca zagęszczania i odporność mechaniczna aglomeratu.
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of inoculation of Virginia mallow (Sida hermaphrodita [L.] Rusby) with fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [Lib.] de Bary, which causes stem rot, on the contents and distribution of aluminium, manganese and iron in the shoots of this plant. Field study was carried out during three years (2011-2013) in the soil and weather conditions of central-west Poland. Inoculation was carried out with isolates obtained from rapeseed and mallow. It consisted in a slight damage of stem epidermis and inserting wheat grain overgrown with mycelium of a given isolate. During plant growth, strong infection of mallow shoots was observed, which caused inhibition in the growth and development of the plant. At the stage of technological maturity, shoots were harvested from both the control and inoculated plots for chemical analyses. Contents of the studied elements were determinated in analytical solutions obtained from biomass ash after its “dry combustion” method, using ICP-OES spectrometer. Contents and distribution of aluminium, manganese and iron in mallow shoots depended upon plant parts and placement of pathogens on the stem. The highest amount of aluminium was found in the inoculated part, and the lowest in the apices part, regardless of isolate origin. In the case of iron and manganese distribution, statistically significant effect of the applied pathogen was found. Isolate from the mallow caused greater manganese accumulation and lower iron accumulation. The conducted study demonstrates a significant effect of infection with fungus S. sclerotiorum on the physiological processes that occur in Virginia mallow plants.
This paper presents results of research on the impact of two levels of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilization use on population, height of plants, and biomass yield of Virginia fanpetals cultivated on light sandy loam, during four consecutive years of research: 2004-07. Results indicate that stem density and height grew systematically during consecutive years of production. Nitrogen treatment did not influence density, but it increased height of plants. A larger quantity and height of stems was observed after using a higher dose of Phosphorus. Virginia fanpetal biomass yield was not affected by different amounts of Nitrogen applied, whereas more intensive Phosphorus treatment resulted in increased biomass yield. In the third and fourth years of production an average yield of dry matter of over 11 t·ha⁻¹ was obtained; energy productivity level was 219.5 GJ·ha⁻¹.
Seeds of Virginia mallow freshly harvested and after 6, 12 and 18 months of storage were tested. Two experiments were conducted. In one of them, seeds were soaked for 5, 10 and 20 seconds into the hot water (50-100°C), quickly cooled and sown onto the water-wetted filter paper in Petri dishes. In the other, seeds were immersed for 10, 20 and 30 minutes in concentrated sulphuric acid and after washing out, sown onto the filter paper wetted with water or gibberellic acid solution (1 mmol). Hard seeds of Virginia mallow stopped their dormancy due to hot water treatment. Fresh seeds improved their germination after treatment with water at 100-70°C. After one-year storage, seeds also positively reacted towards 60°C, as well as to 50°C after a year and a half. One-and-half-year-old seeds after treatment with 70°C for 20 seconds showed the best germination (90.5%). Positive influence of chemical scarification on seed germination was observed for all testing dates. Fresh seeds increased their germination after 30 minutes of sulphuric acid treatment from 4.5% to 31.3%, the oldest ones - from 44% up to 91.5%. The influence of gibberellic acid depended on seed coat permeability. Control seeds did not increase the germination due to GA₃. Germination of scarified seeds increased by 0.5-9.7%; the oldest seeds reacted most strongly to the growth hormone.
Eksperyment w układzie bloków losowanych założono w 2003 r. w Gospodar-stwie Doświadczalnym Felin Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie. W latach 2004-2011 badano wpływ nawożenia azotem (100 i 200 kg·ha-1 N) i fosforem (39 i 52 kg·ha-1 P) na wysokość plonów bio-masy ślazowca pensylwańskiego. Wyższe dawki składników pokarmowych istotnie wpływały na wzrost plonów biomasy i obsadę pędów ślazowca. Dłuższe pędy stwierdzono po zastosowaniu wyższego pozio-mu nawożenia azotem. Największe różnice w wielkości plonów wystąpiły pomiędzy latami uprawy. Najmniej biomasy uzyskano w drugim (2004 r.), zaś dwukrotnie więcej w piątym (2007 r.) i ósmym (2010 r.) roku uprawy (odpowiednio 7,06 oraz 14,34 i 14,48 t·ha-1 s.m.).
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