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Effect of EMS (ethyl methane sulphonate) on induced morphological mutants and chromosomal variation in cowpea was studied using five different doses of mutagen along with a control in randomized blocked design with three replications. The morphological mutants there are two types of viable and chlorophyll mutants. Viable mutant contains tall, dwarf, early maturity, late maturity, leaf mutants pod mutant and flower mutants. The frequency of chlorophyll mutant contains albino, xantha and viridis. This concentration can damage or modify important components of plant cells and have been reported to affect the morphology, anatomy, biochemistry and physiology of plants differentially depending on the concentration level. These effects include changes in the cellular structure and metabolism of the plants e.g., dilation of thylakoid membranes, alteration in photosynthesis, modulation of the antioxidative system and accumulation of phenolic compounds. The morphological and chromosomal variation was found to be mutagen sensitive in somatic cells of cowpea. It was found to increase with increasing the concentration of EMS in Cowpea plants. The chemical mutagen like ethyl methane sulphonate induces high frequency of chromosomal changes like anaphasic bridge; anaphasic laggard, anaphasic bridge and clumbing of chromosome were including control plants also observed.
The insecticidal efficacy of Gmelina arborea L. product extracts was assayed for suitability in controlling the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata Fab. (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) and the pod sucking bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stäl (Hemiptera:Coreidae) on cowpea. Field studies conducted in 1999 and 2000 cropping seasons at the research farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru showed that extract of Gmelina arborea fruit at 10% (w/v) caused impressive reduction ofboth pests and protected the pods from serious damage. Grain yield was higher in the fruit extract treated plants compared to the leaf, bark treatments and the untreated control. However, all the Gmelina products’ extracts were superior (p < 0.05) to the untreated control but was not better than the synthetic insecticide (Sherpa Plus) used in all the assessments made. This study is the first reported case ofthe potential of Gmelina arborea products’ extracts for control of Maruca pod borer larvae and pod sucking bug on field cowpea. This plant could add to the pool of herbal landraces already found to be insecticidal to insect pests of tropical crops if explored and exploited for use by limited resource farmers in tropical countries.
Improved soil fertility is a requirement for enhanced crop production. Combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers improve crop productivity while reduce environmental degradation. An experiment was carried out at Eastern University, Sri Lanka to study the effect of Foliar Application of Banana Pseudostem Sap on Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) in sandy regosol. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design having five treatments viz; recommended inorganic fertilizer N, P, K as basal and N as topdressing (T1), N, P, 1⁄2 K as basal with recommended N as topdressing and foliar spray of 1% , 3%, 5% and 7% banana pseudostem sap solution (T2-T5) at 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th week after planting. The results revealed that significant difference (P<0.05) were noted on number of pods per plant at 1st and 2nd picking. Higher number of pods per plant, maximum pod length and girth were in T2 while low in T1. Sun dried weights of pods and number of seeds per pod were significantly (P<0.05) varied at each picking. Further, cowpea yield at each picking were higher in T2 compared to tested treatments. The present study suggested that, among the tested treatments N, P, 1⁄2 K as basal with recommended N as topdressing and foliar spray of 1% Pseudostem sap solution at 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th WAP would be the most suitable for cowpea production in sandy regosol.
Zinc is a heavy metal; this element is considered as environmental hazard.Toxicity effects of Zinc on growth and development of plants including inhibition of germination process decrease of growth and biomass of plant. The aim of this research is to study accumulation of Zinc along with nutrients and its effect on the growth of Cow pea plant (Vigna unguiculata.L). Thus, cow pea seedlings grown in petriplates lined with filter paper undergoing, different treatments of Zinc (control, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200 ppm). After one week seedlings were removed and morpho physiological parameters like root length, shoot length and dry weight of plants and accumulation of nutrients along with Zinc in roots and shoots were determined. The results indicated that the concentrations more than Zinc 50 mg/L zinc cause the reduction of morphophysiology parameters in the treatment plants rather than control plant and zinc addition in the cultures caused enhancement of zinc content in roots and shoots of cow pea seedlings. Similarly nutrient accumulation also affected by increasing concentrations of cow pea. It was also noted that accumulation of zinc in the roots was much higher than the shoots of the seedlings under treatment.
Natural enemies of insect pests in vegetable crops (brinjal, okra and tomato) were recorded and their diversity was studied in Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur Districts, Tamil Nadu. Natural enemies were collected by pitfall traps, sweeping nets and by hand picking from January 2011 to December 2013 twice in a month. Totally 129 species of predatory and parasitic insects were recorded. All the natural enemies were grouped into 50 families under eight different orders. Order hymenoptera contained the highest number of families and species. Among the predators, Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) was found to be the dominant group with high number of species. It was clear that Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Pentatomidae were the predominant natural enemies throughout the study period. In 2013, formicidae formed the major family of occurrence from July to December in the vegetable fields; in this period the total number of individuals collected from all families was the highest. The maximum Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 3.70 during the second season in 2013. Maximum richness (5.99) was recorded in the second season of 2012. The variations in the diversity, species richness and evenness between two cropping systems are discussed in this paper.
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