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Late Frasnian Atrypida (Brachiopoda) from the South Urals, South Timan and Kuznetsk Basin in Russia (east Laurussian and south Siberian shelf domains in Devonian time) reveal significant generic and specific diversity in the broadly defined Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) bio-crisis time. Eighteen species of atrypid brachiopods have been recorded, representing 4 subfamilies and 10 genera. The new genus Gibberosatrypa Markovskii & Rzhonsnitskaya, and the new subgenus Spinatrypa (Plicspinatrypa) Rzhonsnitskaya are proposed. Four new species Spinatrypina (Spinatrypina) sosnovkiensis Yudina, Spinatrypa (Plicspinatrypa) rossica Rzhonsnitskaya, Iowatrypa nalivkini Rzhonsnitskaya & Sokiran, and Cartnatina(?) biohermica Yudina are described. The representatives of the Variatrypinae (including especially common Desquamatia (Desquamatia) alticoliformis), Spinatrypinae (Spinatrypina) and Atypinae (Pseudoatrypa, ?Costatrypa) are widely distributed in the studied regions. The Pseudogruenewaldtiinae are represented by Iowatrypa and Pseudogruenewaldtia, of which the first is distributed worldwide, whereas the only undoubted species of the second is restricted to South Timan, and probably represents a localized latest Frasnian descendant of Iowatrypa. The decline phase of atrypid development was controlled by a variety of environmental factors tied to the global Kellwasser events, although it was not directly triggered by anoxic conditions. The investigated atrypid brachiopods, which were all confined to lower latitudes, disappeared during the F-F mass extinction, independently of their environmental and biogeographic settings.
Todites lobulatus sp.nov.is described from the lowermost Upper Permian (Ufimian) of the Pechora basin.The fossil remains preserved as compressions and impressions, were collected from near−shore lake deposits of the Intinskian Formation.The species belongs to protoleptosporangiate ferns (Pteridophyta) of the Osmundaceae, and is characterized by tripinnate fertile fronds with deeply dissected lobate pinnules with round apexes.Sporangia are round or ovoid, free, and located on the abaxial leaf surface.A group of specialized thick−walled cells is located on the top or side part of the sporangia.The species is the most ancient representative of Osmundaceae. Spores of Osmundacidites−type, preserved in situ, are characterized.
Preliminary review of taxonomy of the brachiopod order Atrypida and its stratigraphic distribution in the late Frasnian Kellwasser Crisis of several regions of Laurussia, western Siberia and South China point to their moderate diversity and stepdown but irregular extinction pattern. The distinctive character of the late Frasnian atrypid fauna is emphasised by several relict genera, marked by recurrent and possibly aberrant characters (mainly in ornamentation types), tendency to size reduction and homeomorphy in some taxa. The transgressive/hypoxic Lower Kellwasser Event and preceding eustatic changes during the Palmatolepis rhenana Zone had only a regional destructive effect, and were linked rather to an enhanced dispersal of the last generic set of atrypids. The Variatrypinae, Spinatrypinae and Iowatrypa-group seem to belong to the latest surviving atrypids. The final demise of the remaining atrypids (and some other articulate brachiopods, e.g., gypidulids) coincided with the transgressive/hypoxic Upper Kellwasser Event, followed by catastrophic eustatic fall during the late Palmatolepis linguiformis Zone (F-F Event). This was probably exacerbated by accelerated submarine volcano-hydrothermal activity, and consequent progressive regional eutrophication, and climatic destabilization. The level-bottom rhynchonellid-inarticulate biofacies crosses the fatal F-F boundary horizon without major changes. No reliable data exist for the presence of atrypids in the Famennian survival and recovery biota, even for the smooth lissatrypid Peratos. Sustained competition from radiating and diversifying productid-cyrtospirifrid-athyrid faunas may have provide an additional biotic factor in the collapse of the Frasnian shelly benthos at the time of sfress, as well as in a post-extinction offshore repopulation from inner shelf habitats.
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