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The present paper includes results of an experiment which evaluated usability of some varieties of tulips (Tulipa gesneriana) to forcing in standard method. Varieties for cut flowers and for pot production were tested.
This manuscript reports that for tulip bulbs ( Tulipa gesneriana L. 'Apeldoorn'), simultaneous application of methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) with gibberellic acid (GA) increases gum formation in the bulbs, compared to JA-Me applied alone. After the dry scales of the bulbs were removed, the bulbs were treated with JA-Me and GA starting from the beginning of July 20 until November 30. Treated bulbs were stored in a laboratory room in natural light conditions. Gums produced by each treatment were weighted one month after treatment. JA-Me, at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0% in lanolin, was applied alone, and also applied simultaneously with GA at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% in lanolin. All the concentrations of GA applied simultaneously with JA-Me, substantially stimulated gum production in tulip bulbs. The production of gums decreased gradually from the beginning of October. The possible mode of action of GA to stimulate gum production in tulip bulbs is also discussed. The focus is on sugar metabolism and ethylene production.
In several tulip cultivars propagated in vitro, a high decrease in propagation rate was observed after the 4th - 6th multiplication cycles. In vitro shoot cultures of the model tulip cultivars Blue Parrot and Prominence with relatively stable and high multiplication rate and shoots of new Polish cultivar Fringed Black which revealed a decreased regeneration capacity were used in the experiment. Shoots, multiplied at 8-week subculture period on MS modified medium supplemented with thidiazuron (TDZ) and a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), were treated with low temperature (5°C) for 8, 10 or 12 weeks and with 1 mg·dm⁻³ GA₃ which was added to the medium prior to cooling at the 3rd week of multiplication subculture. The significant enhancement of shoot multiplication by cooling was found for the cultivar Fringed Black only. Low temperature treatment for 10 - 12 weeks markedly increased multiplication rate from 2.5 (non-cooled control) to 5.8 - 6.4 (in the 1st subculture). The effect of increased regeneration capacity was maintained during 8 months of cyclic multiplication. Application of GA₃ decreased affect shoot multiplication rate. It is suggested that the decrease in multiplication rate of cv. Fringed Black could result from dormancy development in shoots because the restoration of regeneration capacity occurred after low temperature treatment.
In the present work, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) was applied to uncooled tu­lip bulbs, cultivars Apeldoorn and Gudoshnik, before flower bud formation, at the beginning of July and after flower bud formation, in October and November. Shoot growth and flowering of partially dry-cooled bulbs were substantially stimulated. These results strongly suggest that TIBA partially replaces the cold requirement of the tulip bulbs. In addition, the effect of TIBA is similar to gibberellins applied exogen- ously to the bulbs. Such a gibberellin application partially substitutes for cold treat­ment. Gibberellin application stimulates shoot growth and flowering of tulips. The mode of action of TIBA is discussed in relation to auxin action in tulips.
Porównywano budowę tkanek łodygi i liści tulipana formowanych po oprysku roztworem chlorku chlorocholiny (CCC) w stężeniach: 0%; 0,5%; 1,0% i 1,5%. Do badań wykorzystano mikroskop świetlny (preparaty półcienkie) oraz skaningowy elektronowy (SEM). Stwierdzono wzrost średnicy łodygi proporcjonalny do stężenia retardanta oraz znaczne zwiększenie grubości warstwy miękiszu, sklerenchymy i promieniowej długości wiązek przewodzących. Zaobserwowano zwiększenie rozmiarów komórek epidermy, miękiszu i sklerenchymy oraz grubości ścian epidermy i sklerenchymy. CCC nie wpłynął na zmianę grubości liści tulipana. Wykazano na ich powierzchni występowanie bardziej obfitej warstwy nalotu woskowego. Obserwowane zmiany w łodydze odpowiadają zwiększeniu stabilności tego organu, zaś w epidermie łodygi i liści - większej odporności na niekorzystne oddziaływanie warunków środowiska.
The content of flavonoids in white and yellow perianths and yellow anthers of a few tulip cultivars were determined at the stage of full flowering. To analyses of flavonols a HPLC method was used. In anthers (yellow) of all analyzed cultivars (Oscar, Pax, Profesor Wóycicki, Biała Dama, White Virgin, Calypso, Diana) high content of quercetin (2.35 - 6.01 mg . g-l EW), kaempferol (1.09 - 9.47 mg . g.1 EW) and apigenin (1.34 - 8.24 mg• g-l EW.) was found. In analyzed white perianth of cvs. Oscar and White Virgin also high content of quercetin (1.3 - 1.80 mg . g-l EW) and kaempferol (1.90 mg . g-l EW.) was documented and only traces of apigenin was found. In the yellow perianth of cv. Profesor Wóycicki the level of quercetin and kaempferol was much lower than in perianth of cvs. Oscar and White Virgin, and apigenin was absent.Thus, yellow anthers and white and yellow perianth of tulip cultivars are a rich source of flavonols.
The inhibitory effect of crab-shell chitosan. medium (200-800 cps) and high molecular weight (800-2000 cps) (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals) toward Alternaria alternata , Botrytis tulipae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi, Fusarium oxysporllm f. sp. tulipae, Phoma narcissi and Phoma poolensis was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The chitosan evidently inhibited in vitro growth of all tested pathogens, with a marked effect at higher concentrations above 200 Ilg/cm3. Chitosan at a concentration 01' 1.25; 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cnY didn't have inhibitory action in appearance of fungi growth on naturally contaminated Callistephlls chinensis seeds. At the same concentrations, chitosan applied as bulb scales dressing of Hymenocallis narciss (flora bulbs, before inoculation or after inoculation with Phoma narcissi, inhibited the development of necrotic spots on scales. Chitosan used preventively or curatively at a concentrations of 1.25; 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm3 indicated inhibitory effect on development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Tulipae on tulip bulbs. Chi to san at a concentration of 10 mg/cm3 applied preventively (first spray 12th June) was very effective in the control of Puccinia antirrhini on snapdragon in the field. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on snapdragon treated 8 times at week intervals.
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