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The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of Trichomonas tenax in individuals with periodontal disease and also to check the correlation between the occurrence of protozoan and a kind of periodontal disease, bleeding index and dental plaque index. The study involved 77 individuals aged 22-77 years (47 women and 30 men). Culture revealed flagellate Trichomonas tenax. The incidence of trichomonal infection was 32%. In spite of using two different media no Entamoeha gingivalis was found. There was no significant dependence between the frequency of occurrence of T. tenax and age, sex or smoking. There was a correlation between the occurrence of T. tenax and the amount of dental plaque (correlation index=0.3; p=0.06) and there was also a statistical dependence between the occurrence of T. tenax and a kind of periodontal disease (correlation index=0.3; p=0.02).
Prior to this study, Trichomonas tenax (Müller, 1773) Dobell, 1939 has been described only from the human oral cavity, though other trichomonads found in dogs and cats (species in close contact with man) were morphologically very similar. Verification of T. tenax occurrence in synanthropic animals was therefore the aim of this study. PCR based molecular analysis of the isolates obtained from a dog and a cat confirmed the presence of T. tenax in these animals. This is the first report of natural infection of domestic animals with T. tenax.
Familial infections with Trichomonas tenax (O.F. Müller, 1773), Dobel, 1939. Aim of the study was to research familial occurrence of Trichomonas tenax and relationship between infection with the protozoan and both a state of parodontium and hygiene of oral cavity. The study involved 10 families (22 individuals). Trichomonas tenax was found in 16 patients. Simultaneously izolates of protozoans were examined with the methods of molecular biology. The study showed the dependence of infection with Trichomonas tenax on both bad hygiene of oral cavity and occurrence of pathological lesions in the paradontium.
The objective of the study was to ascertain the presence of complement binding antibodies against T. vaginalis, T. tenax and hominis in the blood of women with chronic simultaneous (two species) trichomoniasis, and a comparison of the dynamics of antibody formation in the blood of women with one species trichomoniasis. The determinations were made prior to and following the treatment with Fasigyn, in hope to obtain additional data on antigene properties of trichomonas parasites of human organism. The test for complement binding was made for 144 women, 84 of them simultaneously infected with two of the three species of Trichomonas mentioned above and 60 with one. It has been found that in the former the complement binding antibodies attain higher concentrations (except antibodies against T. hominis), and following the Fasigyn treatment in all the cases they return to the normal level later than in respective monospecific trichomoniasis. The highest concentrations of the antibodies, both against T. vaginalis and T. tenax have been found in women with simultaneous trichomoniasis of urogenital system and oral cavity. Lower concentrations of the antibodies against both these species of Trichomonas have been found in women with simultaneous trichomoniasis of both urogenital system and intestine or both intestine and oral cavity. This can be accounted for by a dose antigene relationship between T. vaginalis and T. tenax, and a much more distant relationship of both these species on the one hand and T. hominis on the other.
The objective of the study was the analysis of selected parameters of humoral and cellular immunity in patients with Trichomonas tenax and fungi existing concurrently in the oral cavity ontocenosis. The study included 37 patients (age range 26-70 years, x=54.5±4.l) diagnosed with trichomonosomycosis. Standard methods were used to determine the total level of protein and its individual fractions, leukocytosis and sedimentation rate. Serum levels of immunoglobulins IgA, IgM and IgG, and the level of IgA immunoglobulin in saliva (S-IgA) were determined with the immunodilTussion method using NOR-Partigen and LC-Partigen (Behring) platelets. To define blastic and miotic indices (IB and IM), rosette tests ER, EAR and EACR as well as phytohemagglutinin-induced (PHA) blastic transformation test were employed. In 21.1% of patients, a decrease in total protein level (on the average 6.85±0.23 g/dl), and in 11.1% in globulins of y fraction (18.5±1.18%) was observed, in 40% of cases the leukocytes count was higher (10080±690.7), and in all patients the sedimentation rate was accelerated (77.9±12.2 mm). The level of class A immunoglobulins (368.7±49,0 mg%) was in 29.2% above norm, and of IgG class (1182.8±92.9 mg%) was in 13.6% below norm and in 13.6% above norm. In case of S-IgA (8.15±0.63 mg%), the level was below norm in all patients. Also in all patients a decreased lymphocytes T count (value ER - 37.3±1.04%) and deficiency in their function (indices: IB 22.5±2.98%, IM 2.3±0.84%) could be observed, whereas lymphocytes B count was increased (values EAR - 18.3±0.7%; values EACR -22.1-0.77). These data indicate that in cases of oral trichmonosomycosis there occurs a low level of secretory immunoglobulin class A in saliva and the number of lymphocytes T, deficient in function, is decreased.
Out of 1018 patients calling on parasitologist or stomatologist, 148 (14,5 ± 1%) were found to be infected with Trichomonas tenax. The difficulties with diagnosis of T. tenax were connected fungi infection. Fungi strains isolated from oral cavity of patients infected with T. tenax were differentiated by morphological and biochemical methods.
Twenty five women (21 to 50 years old) with genetic diseases (phenylketonuria, Down’s syndrome, achondroplasia, epilepsy), patients of the II Maxillo-Facial Surgery Clinic of the Medical University of Warsaw, were examined for the pre-treatment status of the oral cavity and the occurrence of oral protozoans, Entamoeba gingivalis and/or Trichomonas tenax. On the basis of the clinical characteristics and light and transmission electron microscopic examination, relationship between periodontal condition and presence of the oral protozoans were analysed and factors which may play the main role in the maintenance of the infection in these patients were determined. The highest prevalence of infection with E. gingivalis and T. tenax was noted in the 41-50 year age group in which more than 88% of the patients were infected. In 11 among of 20 of the cases with periodontal disease, infection with T. tenax, and/or E. gingivalis occurred. In 10 among of 16 of the individuals with limited mobility the oral protozoans was present. Our studies indicate that age as well as limited mobility of the patients examined resulting in difficulties with maintaining of good hygiene of oral cavity may play an important role in occurrence of infection with the oral protozoans and inflammatory processes in gingiva and periodontium.
The aim of this study was to compare the oral cavity status with the species composition of microorganisms colonizing the mouth of patients with or without systemic diseases. Seventy-seven men and women, 19 to 65-years-old, of four groups: hemodialyzed patients (HD), kidney allograft recipients (Tx), congenitally disordered (Cd) and control (C) patients (without systemic diseases) were examined clinically for the oral cavity status and the microorganisms occurring in the mouth were identified. Swabs and samples taken from dental plaques, pockets and periodontium were used for light and electron microscopical studies as well as for protozoan, bacterial and fungal cultures. Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax were found in the HD, Tx, Cd and C groups (top prevalence 14, 14, 87.5 and 25%, respectively); free-living amoebae (with some features of Acanthamoeba sp.) also occurred in several cases. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were found in 66% of Cd patients infected with the protozoans. Numerous fecal bacteria and/or fungi Candida albicans have been observed in 41-51-year-old Cd and HD patients. In all patient groups, it was the 41-51-year-olds who showed the highest prevalence of protozoans, bacteria and fungi. The results indicate that metabolic disabilities favour pathological changes in periodontal tissues and may influence the species composition of mixed protozoan, bacterial and/or fungal infections in various ways, in patients with different systemic diseases.
In patients with parodontium lesions infected and not infected with Trichomonas tenax the follwing indices were analysed: caries index, Russell's index (parodontium diseases), Greene-Vermillions index (oral hygiene). No statistically significant differences were found between infected and non-infected groups as regards caries and oral hygiene. Russell's index showed considerable differences between the groups of subjects.
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