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Black alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.) is considered a hygrophilous species. The aim of the research was to find out if black alder may play a role of a pioneer species in the habitat of Tilio-Carpinetum typicum Traczyk 1962, i.e. fresh oak-linden-hornbeam forest. The investigation was carried out in Białowieża Forest (East Poland). The vegetation was examined with the Braun-Blanquet (1928) method. Soil diagnosis was based on the analysis of soil profiles and a network of test borings. Ecological differentiation of the phytocoenoses in terms of light, humidity, and fertility factors was analysed by indicator values of vascular plants. Obtained results showed that black alder may play the role of a pioneer species in the habitat of fresh oak-linden-hornbeam forest (Tilio-Carpinetum typicum). This phenomenon may occur on haplic luvisols underlayed with clay, after clear-cuts bigger than 1 hectare. Secondary plant communities with black alder that develop in such conditions reveal characteristics of wet oak-linden-hornbeam forest (Tilio-Carpinetum stachyetosum Traczyk 1962).
The aim of the studies carried out in the natural oak-hornbeam forest Tilio-Carpinetum typicum and in the degenerated form in the stage of pinetization Pinus-Lamniastrum, was to obtain and compare qualitative-quantitative structures of soil fungi communities in two different oak-hornbeam forests. This degenerated form of oak-hornbeam forest is the result of removing the natural tree population (typical oak-hornbeam forest) and re-afforesting the resultant vacant area with pines. The study plots were located in such a way that the variations of soil fungi communities were affected only by seasonal changes in the vegetation of the degenerated oak-hornbeam forest Pinus-Lamnias- trum. The soils in both study plots are typical forest grey-brown podzolic soils (Luvisols). The results of mycoiogical studies indicate significant differences between soil fungi communities in both oak-hornbeam forests, although similarities especially in species composition of 15 of the most abundant fungi species were also found. The differences are the result of changes in the floral composition of degenerated oak-hornbeam forest. In the past, when typical oak-hornbeam forest covered whole studied areas, the soil fungi communities were probably almost the same in both plots. The first change could have happened after the removal of the trees; the second, after the re-afforestation of the resulting vacant area with pines. The re-appearance of Tilio-Carpinetum typicum in its once occupied habitat causes changes in the soil fungi community in the degenerated oak-hornbeam forest.
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