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Genetic diversity of common thyme (Thymus pulegioides L.) and wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) by the RAPD method was evaluated. The investigated populations of both species significantly differed in respect of developmental traits as well the content and composition of essential oil. The content of essential oil in the herb Thymus pulegioides was higher. Phenolic substances (thymol and carvacrol) dominated in the essential oil of Thymus pulegioides, whereas terpens (β-myrcene, cineol, borneol and β-cariophyllene) in the essential oil of Thymus serpyllum.
The experiment was conducted in 2003-2004. The aim of the research was to investigate the chemical variability of three thyme species (Thymus pulegioides L., Thymus alpestris Tausch., Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen) under „in situ” conditions. Six localities were selected and fixed by GPS. Samples of raw materials from the stands were collected, dried and chemically analysed. The content of essential oil and its chemical composition as well the content of flavonoids, tannins, polyphenolic acids and bitters were determined. The obtained results indicated significantly chemical differences between the investigated populations of Thymus species. The content of essential oil in the dry raw material ranged from 0.46 ml·100 g⁻¹ DM to 0.93 ml·100 g⁻¹ DM. The content of tannins was similar for T. pulegioides (5.44% on the average). However the content of tannins for T. alpestris ranged from 2.56% to 7.12%. The highest content of polyphenolic acids was determined in the herb of T. pulegioides (2.61%) from „Jaworzec”.
Antibacterial activity (MIC and MBC) of oil from common thyme and wild thyme was as­sessed. Also the time necessary for gaining bactericidal effect by using these oils was determined. Four straits of standard bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. The experiment showed that the essential oil of common thyme had higher antibacterial activity both against Gram-posi­tive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, in comparison to the essential oil of wild thyme, which resulted from differences in composition of essential oil of these two species. Es­sential oil of common thyme was characterized by high content of thymol, whereas in essential oil of wild thyme the main compounds were terpenes.
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