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The bats of Pemba are poorly known, but recent surveys have provided material to critically examine the species that occur on this island, roughly 50 km off the coast of Tanzania. A new species of Mops (Molossidae) is described from Pemba and aspects of its distinguishing characteristics from other molossids and habitat are discussed. This new species differs from the type of M. brachypterus by lacking basisphenoid pits. The form brachypterus needs critical review.
This paper presents the process and results of the implementation of the irrigation system on meadows in Tanzania. The irrigation system was im- plemented in 2010 and 2012 as an element of two development projects co-financed by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland un- der the Polish Development Programme. During the first phase ( 2010) the earth water reservoir and the canal carrying water on a meadow were built and the irrigation system based on Amirite sprinklers was installed . In 2012, the concrete water tanks were built , and two hose reel irrigators were bought and put in action . The i mplementation of the irrigation system allowed for a significant increase in the production of hay. In the analyzed time period (from 2008 to 2012) the increase in yields of hay from 34.7 tons to 237.3 tons was noticed. The resulting implementation of the irrigation project increase hay production should be considered valuable, especially under the conditions of advancing climate change and its potential impact on the reduction of agricultural production in Tanzania.
Small mammals (shrews and rodents) were surveyed along an elevational transect in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Trap lines and pitfall lines were installed at 600, 910, 1460, and 2000 m a.s.l. In a total of 10341 sample nights (7448 trap-nights and 2893 bucket-nights) 343 specimens (148 shrews, 205 rodents) were captured representing 9 shrew and 14 rodent species for a total of 23 species. While overall species diversity generally increased with elevation, this pattern was not constant for each group sampled. For rodents, both species richness and abundance were lowest at 600 m and greatest at 2000 m a.s.l., and were significantly correlated with elevation. While the highest species number and abundance for shrews was at 2000 m, there was no correlation of these two values with elevation. Rainfall appears to have affected the capture of shrews, but not rodents, and capture success of individual buckets and traps indicated a lack of capture independence. Eastern Arc endemics such asCrocidura desperata Hutterer, Jenkins and Verheyen, 1991 andMyosorex kihaulei Stanley and Hutterer, 2000 were more abundant at 2000 m a.s.l., than at lower elevations. Implications of results of this survey for analyses of future biotic surveys are discussed.
The tomato yellow leaf curl virus infecting tomato plants in Tanzania is reported to be different from the Old World geminiviruses. A study was initiated to investigate the transmission properties of the virus such as, acquisition feeding time, inoculation feeding time, persistence of virus in the vector, mechanical inoculation, seed and graft transmission. Results obtained indicate that the virus is transmitted persistently by Bemisia tabaci Genn., but neither mechanically - nor seed-transmissible. Minimum acquisition and inoculation time was 30 minutes. It is concluded that the properties of the agent causing the yellow leaf curl symptoms in tomato plants from different regions of Tanzania are similar and mimic those of tomato yellow leaf curl Begomovirus species studied elsewhere.
The paper introduces an illustrative model, the ‘house model’, which contains a number of key elements for constructing and sustaining people’s participation in forest management. The model is used as a tool for analysing four donor supported forestry projects in Tanzania, Mozambique, Laos and Vietnam. The study shows that the two core elements for sustaining participation in forest management, regardless of land tenure or forest management model, are: (a) attitude: local people in the specific context see themselves as responsible for the local resources and; (b) access: local people gain secured access to information and benefits from the resources.
Tomato farms in Arusha, Morogoro, Dodoma, Iringa, Kilimanjaro and Coast regions of Tanzania were surveyed to assess the incidence of the yellow leaf curl disease, and to collect infected tomato leaf samples for sero-diagnosis. The triple antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) format was adopted for the detection of disease using commercial polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies SCRI 17, SCRI 20, SCRI 23 and SCRI 33. ELISA readings were rated on a scale of 0-4. The results of the tests indicated that all the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TY- LCV) isolates recorded high reaction values (4) with the polyclonal antibody. However, the Dodoma and Arusha isolates were rated highest in optical density (OD) reading with MAb SCRI 20 and 23. The remaining isolates produced lower OD values. All the isolates rated low (2) when tested with SCRI 33. The differences in reaction to the monoclonal antibodies of TYLCV indicated that variability exists between the coat protein epitopes of TYLCV and Tomato yellow leaf curl Tanzania virus (TYL-CTZV) on one hand, and among the TYLCTZV isolates on the other. Only the isolates from Arusha and Dodoma share a high sequence homology in coat protein with the European and related TYLCV isolates. Furthermore, the reaction with either SCRI 20 or SCRI 23 show that the isolates from Arusha and Dodoma share a high degree of homology, and could belong to one serotype. The other isolates from Morogoro, Coast and Kilimanjaro could form another serotype, while the isolate from Iringa is a different serotype. On the other hand, reaction with SCRI 17 groups the isolates in two serotypes, the Dodoma isolate alone, and another that groups the other five isolates together. It is recommended that other procedures such as DNA-DNA hybridization assays, polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphisms and sequencing can be combined with the use of monoclonal antisera for the detection and prediction or inference of Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) virus relationships at the quasi-species or strain levels in Tanzania.
Przedstawiono projekty związane z technologią tłoczenia oleju w Afryce centralnej i południowej. Praca zawiera krótką charakterystykę technologii opartej na prasie tłokowej, podkreślając zalety tej technologii dla małych wiejskich przedsiębiorstw. Przedstawiono sposób wprowadzenia tej technologii w Tanzanii, a następnie jej rozwój w innych regionach Afryki Subsaharyjskiej. Przedstawiono wnioski dotyczące wpływu tej technologii na socjalno-ekonomiczne stosunki w krajach Afryki subsaharyjskiej.
The results of 10 years of monitoring water quality and quantity during the period 1996-2006 in the three rivers (Mbalageti, Grumeti and Mara) draining the Serengeti ecosystem are presented, together with river gauging data starting in 1948, rainfall data starting in 1960, and animal population data starting in 1960. Water quality remained unchanged in the Mbalageti and Grumeti rivers; these rivers are seasonal and they dry out during a drought. The Mara River is perennial and is vital to maintain the ecosystem during a drought. Its quality has changed, with increased contribution from groundwater, with higher pH and visibility and decreasing salinity. The flow rate during a drought has decreased by 68% since 1972. This is attributed to deforestation of its upper catchment in the Mau forest in Kenya and to extraction of water for irrigation in Kenya upstream of the ecosystem. Hydrological modeling suggests that the Mara River would now dry out for two months and one month respectively if the 1949-1952 and the 1972-1973 severe droughts occurred again. Ecohydrologic modeling suggests that this would in turn lead to the collapse of the herbivore population from the lack of drinking water. This model also suggests that providing drinking water to the animals at artificial water holes spread throughout the ecosystem would lead to decadal time-scale booms and busts of the herbivore population. The Serengeti ecosystem stability is maintained by the annual migration that partitions the ecosystem in seasonally used compartments. It is thus necessary to restore the natural hydrology of the Mara River in Kenya, and this requires remediation measures in Kenya. If that does not occur, disaster prevention measures are needed by providing water in weirs, dams, and artificial wetlands along the Mara River in the Serengeti National Park, as well as extending by 5 km the western edge of the park so as to reach Lake Victoria to provide acces to permanent water.
We report the first know case of male hind-wing aptery among the net-winged beetles (Lycidae). Five male specimens of Cautires apterus sp. nov. were discovered by sifting forest litter in a very small (approximately 300 meters by 50 meters) Kamwala Forest within the North Pare Mountains, Tanzania. Besides being wingless, males of C. apterus sp. nov. have remarkably small body, shortened elytra and reduced pronotal and elytral costae. Generic assignment of this externally unusual new species is based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, the structure of the male genitalia and the shape of the pronotum. We discuss biological and evolutionary significance of the discovery and suggest that the winglessness of male lycid beetles correlates with the female neoteny.
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