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Th e main aims of this study were to determine the overwintering form and the primary inoculum of Erysiphe necator, the causal agent of grapevine powdery mildew in southern Syria. Eleven vineyards located at fi ve diff erent geographical sites were visited every week from March to November in 2014 and 2015. Th e results of fi eld and histopathological studies showed that E. necator survived as mycelium in dormant grapevine buds during the winter season. Th e fi rst fl ag shoots were observed shortly aft er bud break in spring. Th e number of fl ag shoots varied greatly according to vineyards, cultivars and years, being present on 27.4 to 61.9% of the grapevines in 2014, and on 5.2 to 40% of the grapevines in 2015. Th e percentage of fl ag shoots on the same grapevine also varied according to the year, cultivar and location. It was between 4.3 to 9.4% in 2014, and 2.1 to 3.6% in 2015. Th e disease was observed only on Balady and Black cultivars. Conidia were released from the second week of May to early September. Th e fi rst conidia were trapped around mid-May, and the fi rst secondary symptoms were observed on leaves from mid-May to early June according to the site. Chasmothecia were observed on leaves in 45.5% of the studied vineyards. Th e fi rst observation of chasmothecia on leaves was in July, and their numbers varied greatly between vineyards and years. Chasmothecia were not detected on bark, nor were ascospores trapped at the beginning of the season. Th ese results confi rmed that the ascospores did not have any role in the initiation of spring infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fi rst report of the overwintering form of E. necator in Syria.
Sex ratio, weight, fecundity, fertility and longevity of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) wild adults from wild populations of Southern part of Syria were examined. In addition, percentage of larvae entering diapause from each generation was investigated and the relationship between female weight and fecundity was examined. The results showed that sex ratio was about 1: 1 (males to females), adult weight ranged, on average, from 14.4 to 25.7 mg for spring generation males and females respectively and from 19.5 to 32.6 mg for summer generation males and females in the same order. Fecundity of the spring generation moths was close to 85 eggs/female; this number increased by about 30% for summer generation females and a strong relationship was found between female weight and fecundity. Adult fertility, for both generations (spring and summer), exceeded 90%, longevity ranged from about 10 days for spring generation adults to about 9 days for summer generation moths and males lived little longer than females. These results may serve as a reference in quality control measures for codling moth mass rearing in Syria.
The essential oil extracts and antioxidant measurements of Syrian Myrtus communis L. leaves as hydrophilic and hydrophobic existence species have been carried out. The plant leaves as a source of antioxidants was tested by the influence of its aqueous and essential oil extracts on the yield of PCL solution applying very sensitive and reliable method. By means of a PCL assay, it was possible to assess the total antioxidants capacity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic species existence in Syrian Myrtus communis L. leaves. It has been found that the integral antioxidant capacity value of Syrian Myrtus communis L. leaves was found in Kurdaha site which has a value of 465.67±1.18 TE/g DM. The following three main substances were found in the essential oil extracts: a-pinene, cineole and limonene.
In present paper an analysis of genetic similarity of 14 A. sterilis accessions from Israel, Syria and Lebanon was conducted. Polymorphism of RAPD markers was studied. Selected primers produce 122 fragments out of which 93 were polymorphic and 19 were genotype-specific. RAPD-based genetic similarity was estimated between 0.441 (CN 20304 vs. CN 20322) and 0.775 (AVE 941 vs. PI 287211). The mean genetic similarity was calculated at 0.614. Genetic similarity matrix was applied for claster analysis through UPGMA method. Interspecific genetic diversity of Avena sterilis was higher than that evaluated on a base of molecular markers in previous studies with Avena sativa. The highest genetic similarity was estimated for accessions originating from Israel. The highest distance was noticed for accessions from Syria. Forms originating from Lebanon had a higher ressemblance to objects from Israel than those from Syria.
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