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The study was conducted in the year 2010 in the Łysogóry Mts. in Świętokrzyski National Park. Spring water samples were collected in three rounds. The first round was carried out after the period of snowmelt (March/ April 2010), the second – after intensive rainfall (May 2010) and the third – when water levels were low (July 2010). The data set attained concerned conductivity, water pH, and also concentrations of the foremost anions (Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-) and cations (NH4 +, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+). Spring water quality was assessed in line with Polish policy on groundwater (Regulation of the Minister of Environment of 23 July 2008, The results confirmed that spring water quality strongly depended on wet acid deposition and the geological structure. Tree species (fir and beech), exposition and soil types within the alimentation area did not influence water chemistry. Spring water were found in low quality classes according to Polish standards due to low water pH as well as high NO3 - and NH4 + concentration.
New distribution data for 183 species, one subspecies and four varieties of bryophytes in the Świętokrzyski National Park are provided. The most interesting species (rare, protected and new for the area) are Anastrophyllum hellerianum, Buxbaumia viridis, Cephalozia catenulata, Dicranum viride, Lophozia ascendens, Mannia fragrans and Tetraplodon angustatus.
The study contains the results of the investigations conducted over a period of many years on the biodiversity of insect fauna of firs in strict and partial reserves of the Świętokrzyski and Roztoczański National Parks. The species structure of individual functional groups of insects was analysed, together with their role in the ecosystem and their influence on the course of natural ecological processes in the environment, depending on the health of the host plant. The degree of similarity was determined for the species composition of insect fauna found in the analysed areas of the parks. A considerable biological and scientific role which has been played for several decades by strict reserves has been stressed. The reserves are indispensable for the creation of appropriate conditions for the development and survival of insect species of great natural value, being rare in the fauna of fir stands at the north-eastern limits of the natural range of this tree species.
The regional and local monitoring of underground waters as well as general water resource balance studies have encompassed only individual springs in some Polish national parks. This report presents the results of cluster analysis derived from the chemical analyses of spring waters collected in Świętokrzyski (Holy Cross Mountains) National Park in 2004 and 2006. The cluster analysis technique enabled me to obtain information about similarities or differences between sampling sites. This technique also indicated that the division of waters only on the basis of their quality and chemistry was not fully substantiated and required further study.
The mean volume of stands with fir and beech in their species composition in the study plots Święty Krzyż 1 and Święty Krzyż 2 was 521 m3/ha and 203 m3/ha respectively. These stands were many-storeyed and of many generations with the structure of the distribution of trees by d.b.h. close to Liocourt-Meyer curve. In volume of standing dead trees and dead wood laying on the ground, amounting together to 41.1% of stand volume of living trees in the plot Święty Krzyż 1 and 171.6% in the plot Święty Krzyż 2, predominated fir 99.4% and 100% in total volume of standing dead trees, and 46,2% and 82% in total volume of laying dead wood in respective plots. Fir was most abundant in the new growth layer (78.3% in the plot Święty Krzyż 1, and 39% in the plot Święty Krzyż 2), while beech decidedly dominated in the upgrowth layer (54.2% and 50.8% in respective plots). The stand in the plot Święty Krzyż 1 was considered to be in the growing up stage with the phase of storeyed form, while the one in the plot Święty Krzyż 2 in a transitional stage between the break up stage and the growing up stage with an inter­mediate phase between the regeneration phase and the phase of storeyed form.
Species composition, nest densities and ecological profiles of ant communities in three main typical forest habitats of Chełmowa Góra (Chełmowa Mount) in the Świętokrzyski National Park were studied: fertile Carpathian beech forest Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum, subcontinental linden-oak-hornbeam forest Tilio-Carpinetum (marginal zone and interior), continental mixed pine forest Querco roboris-Pinetum (marginal zone and interior). Additionally, a moist rye-grass meadow Arrhenatheretum elatioris adjacent to the mixed pine forest was also surveyed. Nest samples were collected by searching quadrats of different sizes (1 m2, 10 m2, 100 m2). In total, 16 species were found. Ant communities of the studied habitats differed from each other in their composition, abundance and structure. In respect of nest density, Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. dominated in Tilio-Carpinetum (in both forest zones) and in the interior of Querco roboris-Pinetum, Formica polyctena Först. in the marginal zone of Querco roboris-Pinetum and in Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum, and Lasius niger (L.) in the meadow. The results are discussed in the contexts of the former data from this region, and the possible community-forming impact of the local 'supercolony' of F. polyctena
The relative crown length, needle loss, and vitality of fir trees of older (above 160 years of age) and younger (from about 70 to about 130 years, with single trees up to 160 years of age) generations were significantly correlated with the current 10 year, (1985-1994), radial increment at breast height. In the case of trees of the younger generation the type of tree-top and the degree of crown deformation were also significantly correlated with the radial increment at breast height. The best growing fir trees of the younger generation were characterized by narrow conical (trees 41 to 60 years of age at breast height) to flattened (trees 101 to 120 years of age at breast height) tree-tops, well-proportioned or little deformed (loeses up to 20%) crowns, and a relative crown length amounting to at least 56%.
The objectives of this study are (i) by using selected parametric models and the kernel density estimator to compare the accuracy of approximation of the empirical DBH distributions in stands of different vertical structure as well as the approximation accuracy in the empirical DBH data sets characterised by either average, or small or large differences in the number of DBHs in the neighbouring DBH classes, and (ii) to assess the significance of differences between the selected parametric models and the kernel density estimator. Sampling was carried out in the Świętokrzyski National Park (forest sub-districts: Święta Katarzyna and Święty Krzyż). In the stands of different vertical structure the irregular DBH empirical distributions require reducing the bandwidth of the kernel density estimator. In one-storied, two-storied and selection stands one should employ parametric models, using the kernel density estimator only for the preliminary approximations. However, when approximating the empirical DBH distributions in many-storied stands the kernel density estimation can be much more useful.
Przedstawiono rozkład przestrzenny i stopień zmienności zawartości Fe i Mn w igłach i korze sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) oraz plechach epifitycznego porostu Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. na obszarze trzech polskich parków narodowych o zróżnicowanym wpływie zanieczyszczeń: Magurskiego, Świętokrzyskiego i Wigierskiego.
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