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Insect-parasitic rhabditoid nematodes, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora, when parasitizing the greater wax moth larvae, produce toxic substances which constitute a specific type of proteolytic activity. These show some similarity to the immune inhibitors released by certain bacterial pathogens of insects. The proteinases of both nematodes selectively destroy the antibacterial activity of immune haemolymph in vitro as well as in vivo. The inhibitory effect on the bactericidal activity is caused by the proteolytic degradation of the immune proteins of the cecropin-like type. Although a decrease in lysozyme activity in nematode-parasitized insects has been observed, the immune inhibitors released by entomogenous rhabditoid nematodes inhibited neither lysozyme synthesis nor its bactericidal acitivity against gram-positive bacteria.
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Similar patterns of hydrolases were observed in three species representing two genera of entomopathogenic nematodes: Steinernema affinis, S. feltiae, and Heterorhabditis zealandica. The same enzymes were present in the studied nematodes but they differed in the level of activity of individual sub-classes of enzymes. A higher activity of esterases and proteolytic enzymes could be observed for H. zealandica than for S. affinis and S. feltiae. On the other hand, the activity of glycosidases in steinernematids was generally much higher than in H. Zealandica.
In Galleria mellonella larvae infected with insect-parasitic rhabditoid nematodes, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora both the spectrum of haemolymph proteins and their concentration were greatly reduced. These changes occurred especially during the infection of H. bacteriophora. The total disappearance of the immune proteins of the lysozyme and cecropin-like polypeptides in Galleria haemolymph indicates unequivocally that entomogenous nematodes selectively destroy the humoral immune mechanism of the insect.
Antibacterial properties of metal nanoparticles are well documented and known, but its potential use in agriculture as an anti pest agents – not. Possible negative or positive reactions with popular integrated pest management (IPM) methods need to be checked and verifi ed. The effect of copper nanoparticles on the mortality of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) Steinernema feltiae from Owinema biopreparation was tested. This biopreparation is being used against serious agricultural pests. It was found that mortality of nematodes depends on nano- -Cu concentrations and on the length of contact of Steinernema larvae with nano-Cu solution. In this study the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles on pathogenic properties of entomopathogenic nematodes – mortality of pest beetle Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1797) infected by EPNs and extensiveness of infection, was also studied. It showed that the high concentrations of Cu may decrease abilities of EPNs to enter, grow and proliferate inside the host body.
The use of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.), against the large pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) is currently studied in many countries. They show a great potential of nematodes for H. abietis control in laboratory and field experiments. In 2011 similar studies began in Poland to develop new biological control method of H. abietis with the use of native isolates of the nematodes. The first laboratory stage of the experiments pointed at the estimation of biological activity of 3 native isolates: 2 of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and 1 of S. kraussei (Steiner). The tested nematodes were applied at the dose of 100 invasive larvae per 1 larva of H. abietis. After 48 hours H. abietis larvae were sectioned and examined for a determination of their mortality, extensivity and intensity of infection. No statistical differences were found between larvae mortality and extensivity of infection by tested isolates of nematodes. In all variants the mortality and extensivity of infection were high and reached 92−100% and 80−86% respectively. Statistical differences were found between the intensity of infection, which were the highest in case of S. feltiae Zag15. The obtained results indicated different activity of nematode isolates within one speies.
Introduction. The influence of infection with two species of entomopathogenic nematodes of Steinernematidae family on metabolism of glycogen and trehalose of the host was studied. Material and methods. Last instar larvae (L₇) of Galleria mellonella were experimentally infected with Steinernema affinis and S. feltiae. At 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after infection concentrations of trehalose and glycogen as well as activity of trehalase and α-amylase were determined. Results. The content of glycogen was lower in insects infected with S. feltiae than in the controls and animals infected with S. affinis. The content of trehalose was higher in insects from both infected groups than in the controls. Its concentration was slightly higher in larvae infected with S. affinis than in those infected with S. feltiae. The activity of α-amylase after infection with S. affinis was low. It was significantly higher in insects infected with S. feltiae. In animals of both infected groups, following a significant reduction at 6 h, the activity of trehalase remained at a similar level, higher than in the controls. In the paper the effects of infection with (i) different species of entomopathogenic nematodes and (ii) the importance of the developmental stage of the insect-host for changes in its metabolism of glycogen and trehalose were discussed.
Sensitivity of two species of entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria bassinana and B. brongniartii and of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes: Steinernema glaseri, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis megidis to low doses of two insecticides carbosulfan and carbofuran applied to forest soil to control cockchafer’s grubs was studied. Carbosulfan inhibited the growth of both fungi. Carbofuran stimulated the growth of B. brongniartii. Mortality of carbofuran treated nematodes was higher than mortality of those affected by carbosulfan. Both insecticides did not decrease the pathogenicity of fungi and nematodes towards Galleria mellonella L. larvae. The studies pointed to a possibility of using both insecticides in the Integrated Pest Management.
Background. The influence of infection with two species of entomopathogenic nematodes of Steinernematidae family on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the host was studied. Material and methods. Last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella were experimentally infected with Steinernema affinis and S. feltiae at 20 invasive juveniles per insect. At 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 h after infection activity of SOD was determined in extracts from infected and control insects. Results. The activity of SOD decreased gradually in the controls during the experiment. The activity of enzyme was 2-4-times higher in insects from both infected groups than in the control. During the first 12 h of infection the activity of SOD in insects infected with S. feltiae was higher than in those infected with S. affinis, then the activity of enzyme in the insects of both infected groups stayed at a similar level. A significant decrease of SOD activity in infected was recorded in second day of the infection.
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