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The manuscript addressed an overview of potato nomenclature - from international names of the species, through national, folk, regional to cultivar names. It additionally outlined the history of potato incorporation to the European continent as well as its cultivation, production crop yield and consumption at a global, European and national level. Issues concerning the economic importance of potato, its chemical composition, nutritional, consumption, dietetic and health - promoting values were discussed as well.
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In the present study, the morphological features of 20 taxa of the family Solanaceae were studied. The Solanaceae, or nightshades, are an economically important family of flowering plants. The family ranges from herbs to trees, and includes a number of important agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and ornamentals. Many members of the family contain potent alkaloids, and some are highly toxic, but many cultures eat nightshades, in some cases as staple foods. The present observation shows that majority of Solanaceae members almost the same morphological features that of the family.
Solanum genus namely Solanum seaforthianum Andr. belongs to the Solanaceae family, and comprises only dioeciously species. These plants are distributed between 29º and 40º south. All species of this genus are diploid with chromosome numbers of 2n = 24, 28 and 30. According to literature, the basic chromosome number in this genus is x = 12, 14 and 15. Solanum genus with a chromosome complement of 2n = 30 has a symmetric karyotype with a median and sub median centromere position. Because ancestral species have a symmetric karyotype, it seems that x = 12 is the initial basic chromosome number in this genus and the x = 14 and x = 15 derived from x = 12. So it seems that diploid phenomena played an important role in evolution and speciation.
In Solanum muricatum Aiton the development of cellular endosperm preceded the divisions of the zygote, and 5 days after pollination (dap) it consisted of several cells. The mature endosperm accumulated lipid and protein bodies. The separation and secretion zone on the embryo/endosperm interface was noted at 20 dap. The first division of the zygote occurred at 7 dap. The apical cell of the 2-celled proembryo produced the embryo proper, and the basal one gave rise to the suspensor, the central part of the root cap (columella) and the connecting layer of the embryonic root meristem. Four-celled proembryos were observed with the cells in linear arrangement at 8 dap. The first globular embryos were found at 16 dap, heart-stage embryos at 26 dap, torpedo-shaped embryos at 30 dap, and circinate embryos at 33 dap. After 56 dap no further changes were observed in the anatomical structure of the embryos. The testa of mature seeds was composed of the outer epidermis of the integument and a layer of obliterated parenchyma and endothelium.
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We studied the embryology of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal by light microscopy in order to reveal specific embryological features of the genus, and compared the results with embryological data on other members of the family Solanaceae. The key embryological characters of W. somnifera include dicotyledonous-type anther wall formation, simultaneous cytokinesis in pollen mother cells, binucleate tapetal cells, 2-celled mature pollen, anatropous, tenuinucellate and unitegmic ovules, polygonum-type embryo sac formation, the presence of an endothelium, and cellular endosperm formation. We give the first report of the dicotyledonous mode of anther wall formation (previously described as basic type) for the species. Comparative study suggests that anther wall formation, number of nuclei in tapetal cells, number of cells in mature pollen, mode of embryo sac formation and endosperm development are the most variable embryological features in Solanaceae. Some of these embryological features of W. somnifera should be of value for comparative study of related species and their phylogenetic relationships within the family.
The study of plant-virus interactions requires a method which enables not only the detection of virus presence, but also its distribution in the infected plant tissue. We adopted a tissue print immunoblot technique for localization of potato virus Y (PVY) coat protein (CP) in infected potato and tobacco tissue. In potato stem cross-sections PVY CP was detected on the whole surface of the prints, however significantly higher concentration was observed in epidermis and phloem tissue. In the petiole of infected tobacco leaves the presence of viral protein was confined mainly to peripheral layers of parenchyma and epidermis. In phloem tissue the signal was also visible but it was significantly weaker. In our hands this approach is highly specific and gives resolution on the level of individual cells, thus it can be applied in several fields. As potyviral capsid proteins are involved in several events of pathogenesis the technique for immunolocalization of PVY CP could provide information which will shed new light on the virology of PVY.
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