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The paper reports on the occurrence of the epibenthic amphipod Dyopedos monacanthus (Metzger, 1875) in the Baltic Sea. This species belongs to the family Dulichiidae and is found in the North Atlantic and European coastal waters from northern Norway to the English Channel and the Danish Straits. Some 50 years ago, only a few individuals of D. monacanthus were occasionally sighted in the western Baltic (the Arkona and Bornholm Basins). In summer 2006, unusual amphipod specimens were noticed at five deep-water stations over the Słupsk Furrow. This was the first time that D. monacanthus was observed in that area, which is currently the easternmost limit of the species’ range in the Baltic Sea.
Closely spaced CTD transects across the Słupsk Furrow displayed a ‘downward- bending’ of salinity contours below the salinity interface on the southern flank due to a transverse circulation in the saline water overflow. Numerical simulation of a gravity current in an idealized channel with geometry, dimensions and initial density stratification all much the same as in the Słupsk Furrow was applied to verify whether the downward-bending could be transformed into an inverted density stratification. Some arguments in favour of the possibility of convective overturning due to the differential transverse advection beneath the gravity current, brought on by the numerical simulations, are discussed.
The first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation (R1) is a fundamental horizontal scale of mesoscale processes. This scale is important for planning both numerical modelling and study areas. R1 was computed on the basis of an 11-year series of high resolution CTD measurements collected during r/v ‘Oceania’ cruises. The data set covered the three main basins of the Baltic Proper: the Bornholm Basin (BB), the Słupsk Furrow (SF) and the Gdańsk Basin (GB). The smallest mean value of R1 was found in the Gdańsk Basin (5.2 km), the largest one in the Bornholm Deep (7.3 km). The seasonal variability of R1 is lower in the western basin than in the eastern one. The seasonal cycle of R1 may be broken by extreme events, e.g. main Baltic inflows (MBI) of saline water. The inflowing water rebuilds the vertical stratification in the southern Baltic Sea and dramatically changes the R1 values. The difference of R1 between a stagnation period and an inflow situation is shown on the basis of observations made during 2002–2003. The main inflow occurred in winter, after ten years of stagnation, and the very low values of R1 (about 4 km) changed to very high ones (more than 9 km). Analysis of stagnation and saltwater inflow events may throw light on the value of R1 in future climatic scenarios. The potential influence of climate change on Baltic Sea salinity, especially a decrease in MBI activity, may change the baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation and the mesoscale dynamics. Values of R1 are expected to be lower in the future climate than those measured nowadays.
Background. It is a common perception that growth rates of many commercially-exploited fish species have been well known. It is evident, however, that in certain cases, especially in brackish water environments those growth rates may be diversified. Therefore, determination of growth patterns of various stocks of the same fish, living in different salinity regimes may be important for efficient fisheries management, especially fish-quotas negotiations. The aim of the presently reported study was to estimate the growth rates of length and weight of flounder Platichthys flesus (L.) from the Gulf of Gdańsk and to compare them with those from the Pomeranian Bay and Słupsk Furrow areas. Materials and Methods. A total of 200 fish, collected in the coastal waters of Hel in 1997, was analysed. The fish were caught using flatfish gill nets. The age of flounder was determined from otoliths, whereas measurements of the annual ring increments were made using a dissecting microscope with reflected light over a dark background. The microscope was outfitted with a camera and linked to computer. The images were processed using an image-processing software “Multiscan”. The method of Vovk was employed to study the growth rate of flounder, both for the whole sample and in relation to both sexes. The calculation of the growth rates of length and weight were aided by the equations of von Bertalanffy. Results. The total length of the flounder studied ranged from 4.3 to 46.0 cm for ages from one through ten. The mean length reached 23.7 cm, while the mean age was 4.6 years. The prevalent age classes were III, IV, and V. The growth rates of length were different in males and females. Until the third year of life males grew slightly faster, while from the fourth year, the females grew more rapidly. The von Bertalanffy equations that describe theoretical growth (length and weight) of flounder, from the Gulf of Gdańsk were calculated. Conclusion. The differences found in the morphometric and biological characters between the samples collected in three different locations of the southern Baltic (Pomeranian Bay, Słupsk Furrow, and Gulf of Gdańsk) may indicate that they represent separate stocks (populations).
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