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True flies (Diptera, Insecta) are one of the most important groups of aquatic insects in respect of the number of families and abundance of individuals. The goals of this study were to determine emergence patterns and the main ecological factors that influence dipteran family abundance and emergence at barrage lake outlets. Differences in abundance and variations between microhabitats were examined. The study was carried out in Plitvice Lakes National Park (Dinaric karst region, Croatia) at outlets of three barrage lakes. On each site several microhabitats, which differ in substrate and water velocity were selected. The selected substrates were moss on tufa, particulate tufa with detritus, pebbles and silt. Sampling of dipteran adults was conducted at the end of every month during 2007/2008 with 6 emergence traps placed at each site. Simuliidae and Chironomidae were the most abundant families among the 13 families present. Temperature influenced the start of emergence and the duration of flight period. All three lake outlets differed in abundance of individuals, especially the lowest barrage lake outlet which can be contributed to the lowest levels of organic seston and highest rates of tufa deposition. For Chironomidae, Simuliidae and aquatic Empididae statistically significant positive correlation between abundance and current velocity was observed. The least favoured substrate for all Diptera families was silt, while moss was the preferred one.
Although the highest density of macroinvertebrate drift in the River Warta was recorded near the sedimental bank, the drift/benthos ratios were similar in the whole cross-section of this river (from 0.0279% in the erosional area to 0.0367% in mid-river). The main contributors in the drift were the predominant benthic groups: Chironomidae and Oligochaeta. Dominant insects showed a distinct nocturnal drift pattern.
Pathogen surveys were conducted in populations of five species of European simuliids collected from streams and rivers in Samokov, Rupite, and Lebnitsa during the period 1988-1995. Five microsporidia were found for the first time in Bulgaria - Amblyospora bracteata, Janacekia debaisieuxi, Polydispyrenia simulii, Thelohania varians, and Bohuslavia sp. A. bracteata was recorded in larvae of Odagmia ornata and Wilhelmia sp. from Lebnitsa and Samokov. J. debaisieuxi was established in larvae of O. ornata, Eusimulium aureum, and Tetisimulium bezzii collected from the same localities. P. simulii was found only in larvae collected from Lebnitsa and Rupite. T. varians was found in larvae of O. ornata from Samokov. One Bohuslavia sp. was established in larvae of E. aureum, T. bezzii and S. variegatum collected from Samokov. E. aureum, T. bezzii, S. variegatum and Wilhelmia sp. are recorded as new hosts for J. debaisieuxi, T. varians, P. simulii and Bohuslavia sp. Data about the pathogenicity caused by the microsporidia found are presented.
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