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Shigella species are intracytosolic Gram-negative invasive enteropathogenic bacteria, causing the rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. They utilize the host cytoskeletal components to form propulsive actin tails. The so-called invasive phenotype of Shigella is linked to expression of a type III secretory system (TTSS) injecting effector proteins into the epithelial cell membrane and cytoplasm, thereby inducing local but massive changes in the cell cytoskeleton that lead to bacterial internalization into non-phagocytic intestinal epithelial cells. The molecular and cellular bases of this invasive phenotype essentially encompass crossing of the epithelial lining, apoptotic killing of macrophages, entry into epithelial cells, and escape into the cytoplasm, followed by cell-to-cell spread. Intracellular colonization is likely to protect the micro-organisms from killing by humoral and cellular effectors of the innate immune response. Concurrently, the capacity of Shigella to reprogram invaded epithelial cells to produce proinflammatory mediators plays a major role in the strong inflammatory profile of the disease. This profile is likely to impact on the nature and quality of the adaptive response, which is dominated by humoral protection at the mucosal level. In recent years, a large amount of information has been generated regarding the host, pathogen and environmental factors that impact the pathogenesis of shigellosis at the cellular and molecular level. This review summarizes what is currently known about Shigella, detailing those factors that contribute to pathogenesis and examining the current progress in the development of a vaccine.
Shigella is one of the most common bacterial pathogens that are isolated from patients with diarrhea. Various attempts are being made worldwide with encouraging observations; still the emergence of multidrug-resistant Shigella strains and a continuous high disease incidence imply that shigellosis is an unsolved global health problem which can probably be solved only by developing a proper vaccine and a vaccine regime for the disease. The need of the hour is to foster the development of an effective vaccine which should not only serve to improve hygiene but also should be able to curb infections by the pathogen. This goal can only be achieved by gaining proper detailed knowledge underlying Shigella pathogenesis. The analyses of the Shigella invasion proteins which have been long been targeted to be potential candidate vaccines remains an open ended problem and forms the core of this present computational study which identifies the fact that long regions in the structure of the proteins are disordered having no distinct structural conformation; multiple alignments however, did not show any conserved stretches in the disordered regions. The results probably explain the ability of these proteins to interact with multiple cellular proteins and perform a diverse array of functions leading to successful pathogenesis.
Diarrhoea in developing countries is caused by an increasingly long list of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens with rotavirus, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, and Salmonella heading the list. Using methods to detect most of the known enteropathogens, one or more enteropathogen(s) is isolated in two-thirds of diarrhoeal illnesses in the developing world. Deoxyribonucleic acid probes have proved very useful in detecting pathogens such as enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and Shigella but have not yet proved to be particularly rapid or less expensive. Molecular biology has proved useful in epidemiological studies as a means of strain identification and detection of genome diversity. Since the introduction of ribonucleic acid gene restriction patterns as taxonomic tools in 1986, ribotyping has become an established method for systematics, epidemiological, ecological population and genome diversity studies of microorganisms including Shigella. The technological development culminated in the automation of ribotyping which allowed for high-throughput applications. PCR ribotyping has proved being a highly discriminatory, flexible, robust and cost-efficient routine technique which makes inter-laboratory comparison and build of ribotype databases possible, too. The aim of the present review is to determine the present status of ribotyping technique in detecting the diversity in Shigella isolates.
Autorka omówiła występujące w wodzie bakterie patogenne z rodzajów Vibrio, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia i Campylobacter powodujące zachorowania typu gastroenterytidis oraz infekcje skóry i błon śluzowych. Obecność tych bakterii może być przyczyną nawet epidemii, dlatego tak ważna jest kontrola wody do picia i na potrzeby gospodarcze. Inne rodzaje bakterii stanowią grupę warunkowo patogennych. Są to: Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, Flavobacterium i Serratia. Zagrożeniem dla zdrowia może być też obecność w wodzie wirusów i pierwotniaków. Autorka scharakteryzowała bakterie (grupa coli, paciorkowce kałowe i Clostridia), których obecność poddawana jest badaniom rutynowym w stacjach sanitarno-epidemiologicznych w celu określenia stanu przydatności wody oraz opisała metody i wskaźniki stosowane w analizie wody.
The occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in animal feed is risky for animals and, if transported by food of animal origin, may also pose a risk for humans. Moreover, permanent animal exposure to excessive saprophytic microorganisms in an unhygienic environment and feedingstuffs provokes pro-inflammatory cytokine production and an increase in metabolism activity, which, in turn, causes a decrease in productivity. Mycological contamination of animal feed may additionally cause mycosis, allergies and, above all, micotoxicoses. The most often detected microorganisms in animal feedingstuffs are Salmonella spp. and Clostridium spp. and factors of feed hygiene are aerobic bacteria count, fungi count, Enterobacteriaceae count and Clostridium perfringens count.
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