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Morphomechanical changes appearing during embryonic development of Scardinius erythrophthalmus L. were followed. Upon complete egg hydration, the yolk together with the embryo was found to occupy about 30% of egg volume, the perivitelline space making up the remaining 70%. The embryonic disc, and the embryo later on, were always located laterally in the egg. As in many other cyprinids, the developing eggs of S. erythrophthalmus contain no strucutral lipids in the form of droplets. At the mid-point of embryogenesis, the yolk begins to divide; as a result, a vitellar diverticulum – elongating as the development continues – appears under the caudal part of the fast growing embryo. After hatching, the diverticulum is transformed into the posterior part of the body cavity. Until hatching, the S. erythrophtalmus embryos lack melanophores both in the skin and in the eyes.
Rudd, Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.), larvae aged four days post-hatch and at the very beginning of swimbladder inflation were exposed to cadmium (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mg dm⁻³) at 22.0°C (± 0.5°C) for 24 h. Following exposure, the larvae were reared in pure water in a recirculating system at 25.0°C (± 0.5°C) for the subsequent nine days. Cadmium resulted in reduced larval growth and survival, retarded swimbladder inflation, and the delayed onset of exogenous feeding on live Artemia nauplii. All these effects were dependent on concentration. The differences between the effects of cadmium at the lowest and the highest concentrations were significant (P ≤ 0.05). The results demonstrated the highly toxic effect of short-term exposure to 0.1 - 0.3 mg Cd dm⁻³ in rudd larvae.
Variation in life history strategies of rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.) in Europe was evaluated based on published sources. The growth and lifespan were analysed as the main variables in life strategies of any fish. The results revealed that total length (TL) at age 1 year was correlated with latitude and faster growth during the first growing season leads to a shorter lifespan in Europe. Variation in length at age 1 year was more pronounced in southern (40–46°N: mean TL = 84.6 mm, SD = 27.2, n = 9) than in northern populations (49–61°N: mean TL = 46.4 mm, SD = 4.2, n = 10). Thus, rudd can show different life history strategies in southern populations whereas in northern populations these options are few.
To assess the current ecosystem status of Montedoglio Reservoir and surrounding waters, the fish fauna has been analysed in 1993, about five years after the first experimental impoundment. Total number of 898 fishes of fifteen species have been collected of the total biomass of 117 kg. The most abundant species were pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), goldfish (Carassius auratus L.), bleak (Alburnus alburnus alborella De Fil.), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lac.), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.), and chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.), while the three: Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), goldfish, and largemouth bass accounted for the most biomass. Of the most common species, carp, chub, largemouth bass and rudd provided insight into population structure and growth. In 1992, a year of heavy spring rains and a rapid water exchange, a year-class abundance across all species was particularly poor. The results of water levels and outflows between 1992-1994 showed a high degree of instability of the system. It appeared to favour fish species depositing their eggs inshore (i.e. chub) and predators (i.e. largemouth bass), while species with life stages feeding on plankton or benthos were not favoured.
Background. In case of natural hybridisation of fish it is important to determine whether the hybrids attain sexual maturity and whether they can produce generation F2. The hybrids of rudd and carp bream, relatively frequent under natural conditions, have not been studied in the aspect of sexual maturity attainment. Materials and Methods. Histological examinations of gonads of 4-5 year old rudd and carp bream hybrids were carried out in experimental environments during the pre-spawning and spawning seasons of the parental species. Results. In development of oocytes the female hybrids of rudd and carp bream reached the stage of migrating nucleus and deterioration of the morphological structure of the nucleus. In case of male hybrids the presence of spermatids was confirmed. The stage of spermatozoa was not observed in case of hybrids of rudd and bream. In case of the control species (rudd) that stage was also not observed. It is possible that the lack of that stage was affected by the parameters of the culture environment. Nevertheless, the sexual products of male hybrids of rudd and bream as well as rudd were deposited. Conclusion. The studies show that the hybrids of rudd and carp bream may reach sexual maturity in the natural environments.
The column and thin-layer chromatography was used to the presence and total amount of carotenoids in some body parts of 5 fish species.
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