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The results of pollen morphology of Malesian Rubus species are presented. The pollen samples represented 2 subgenera; 2 species of subgenus Chamaebatus (R. calycinus, R. pectinellus) and 13 species of subgenus Idaeobatus (R. acuminatissimus, R. alpestris, R. archboldianus, R. chrysogaeus, R. copelandii, R. ellipticus, R. ferdinandi-muelleri, R. fraxinifolius, R. niveus, R. lorentzianus, R. macgregorii, R. montis-wilhelmi, R. papuanus). The examination of these species has been made by SEM for the first time and also by LM. Detailed descriptions of the pollen grains are given. As in the majority of Rubus species, pollen grains of both subgenera are isopolar and trizonocolporate. The pollen grains were small for some species of the subgenus Idaeobatus only, medium for both subgenera: Chamaebatus and Idaeobatus. The thickest exine was observed among the species of subgenus Chamaebatus and in R. macgregorii of subgenus Idaeobatus. The ornamentation of the studied pollen has shown a great variability. Except for the typical striate ornamentation of the genus, rugulate (R. archboldianus), striatescabrate (R. lorentzianus) and striate-rugulate (R. macgregorii) ornamentation has been observed. New Guinean morphologically similar pinnate Rubus ferdinandi-muelleri, R. montis-wilhelmi, R. papuanus, have pollen with specific type of striate pattern, which is characterised by relatively high muri with variable thickness and lumina filled with granules. Some of their muri resemble baculae typical only for R. chamaemorus. The pollen morphology analysis leads to the conclusion that Rubus montis-wilhelmi and R. papuanus of subgenus Idaeobatus are the closest related species and morphologically very close to R. ferdinandi-muelleri. Since Focke placed the latter species in section Pungentes of the subgenus Idaeobatus, and the two first species were unknown to him - the authors suggest to include them into this section. Despite of the different origin and various types of leaves R. chrysogaeus, R. acuminatissimus and R. niveus have shown similarities in pollen morphology and are grouped together. On the basis of the same criteria, R. copelandii, R. ellipticus and R. fraxinifolius could have been grouped together, as well as R. alpestris and R. macgregorii. Trifoliolate R. archboldianus and R. lorentzianus have not shown similarities of pollen ornamentation to each other and to the previous mentioned species.
In recent years extensive attention has been given to the Rubus genus, but knowledge on the ecology of most of its species, including rhythmic development, is still insuffi cient. Such data may have practical applications, since blackberry species are economically important. The goal of the study was to analyse phenology and growth rate of vegetative and generative stems in 10 Rubus species of different systematic affi nity (belonging to two subspecies and three sections), growing in the Dendrological Garden of the Poznań University of Life Sciences. Some habitat factors were also taken into consideration. Field investigations were carried out for three growing seasons. The plants were evaluated for phenology twice a week, while the length of their stems was measured once a week. Diff erences were observed in the seasonal rhythm of individual species. Weather factors distinctly infl uenced the course of development phases in all the Rubus species. Drought during the growing season caused fl owering disorders, withering of fruit, earlier autumn leaf coloration, and fall of leaves. Rubus idaeus and R. fabrimontanus ripened all of their fruits each year of observations and seemed to be the most adapted for fruit production. Rubus fabrimontanus, R. kuleszae and R. praecox were the most vigorous species with reference to shoot growth. This study revealed that only some species were fully acclimated to the conditions of the Dendrological Garden, since they successfully completed their entire fl owering and fruiting cycles.
The Rubus flora of northern Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) is not yet fully discovered, but the recent studies on the genus Rubus suggest that it is clearly not as rich as in case of southern Wielkopolska. The results of the field observations show that the area of the Durowo Forest District contains 14 representatives of the genus Rubus, out of which the presence of four taxa has already been reported and confirmed. Only Rubus czarnunensis, species endemic to Poland and mentioned in this area in the early 20th century, was not rediscovered. The presence of two species, previously unknown in this area, R. nemoralis and R. seebergensis, have shifted their range limits by 16 km and 30 km to the north, respectively. A statistically significant higher number of bramble species occurred in pine forest growing on fertile deciduous forest habitats.
This paper presents the results of extensive field research on the occurrence of Rubus L. species in the Czech Republic, especially in the frontier areas near the German border. In this area, Rubus adornatus, R. fasciculatiformis and R. perlongus were newly discovered. The other species, R. ambulans and R. stohrii, were discovered in the eastern and northern parts of Bohemia. A description, an illustration, photos and a list of localities are provided for each species. Taxonomy and nomenclature, ecology, distribution and etymology are discussed. The ploidy level of the mentioned species is presented here for the first time. All of these species are new for the flora of the Czech Republic.
In current study 13 native Rubus species of Corylifolii section, cultivated in the Dendrological Garden of University of Life Sciences in Poznań, were investigated. Phenology and growth rate of vegetative and generative stems of these plants were analyzed. Some habitat factors (temperature and precipitation) were also taken into consideration. The differences in seasonal rhythm of individual taxa were noticed. The life cycles of some species were disturbed. Weather conditions were the most important factors to have an significant influence on seasonal rhythm of Rubus species. In general, in 2008 rainfall deficiency during the vegetation caused flower and fruit disorders and the earlier dye coloration of leaves and leaf-fall. But the drought did not always affect growth rate of generative shoots.
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