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Hydroarenal is a layer of submerged sands along the edge of a lake. Organisms living in interstitial spaces of this zone create a community called hydropsammon. Microzonation and seasonal dynamics of hydropsammon rotifers were studied in psammolittoral of deep, eutrophic Lake Mikołajskie (North-eastern Poland) in 2005. An aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the top 0.5 cm of bottom sands (=epihydroarenal) plays a role of a transitory microzone between adjacent water layer and a deeper 1.5 cm layer of sands (=endohydroarenal). Sampling cores were taken at a station 1.5 m from water’s edge once or twice a month since April till October 2005. Three samples were taken: 5-cm thick water layer (AWL – adjacent water layer), 0.5-cm thick layer of water and sand from the transitory level (EPIH – epihydropsammon) and 2-cm thick slice of sand (ENDOH – endohydropsammon). From 94 species found in the lake 15% were restricted to AWL, 20% to endohydropsammon and only 5% to epihydropsammon. From 57 species found in epihydroarenal 52 (91%) were common with neighboring microlayers, i.e. AWL and endohydroarenal. The highest rotifer densities were noted in the endohydroarenal zone if expressed in area units. However, the rotifer densities in epipsammon if expressed in the same volume of occupied environment were ca 40 times higher than in adjacent water and about twice of those noted in endohydroarenal. This may suggest that epihydroarenal plays a role of both a transitory zone and a refugium for animals from adjacent water layer. Reasons for this phenomenon are still not clear
An aim of the research was to test a hypothesis that impact of a shallow hypertrophic reservoir on riverine zooplankton is limited to a short section of the outflowing river because of a rapid conversion of the lentic habitat into the lotic one. The second hypothesis assumed that species richness of zooplankton is increasing along the river due to washing out littoral and benthic species. The study was carried out in the years 2009–2010, during summer-autumn strong dominance of toxic filamentous Cyanobacteria in a shallow hypertrophic humic Siemianówka Dam Reservoir (northeast Poland) and the outflowing Narew River. During research samples were collected on three consecutive days because water requires approximately as much time to cover the distance from the dam down to 118 km of the river. Results of two-year studies confirmed both hypotheses. The hypertrophic reservoir was the huge source of rotifers and crustaceans for the outflowing river. However, a rapid decline was observed in zooplankton abundance below the dam at the distance of 9.1 km. With decreasing share of reservoir dominants along river, an increasing importance of littoral and benthic rotifers constituted ca 0.8% at the dam and 37.5% at 118 km of the river and crustacean ca 4% and 60% respectively. The dam reservoirs similar as fluvial lakes disrupt river continuity by changing the conditions of the zooplankton development. The strongest influence of reservoir on potamozooplankton communities is observed below outlets.
Eutrophication is still one of the most important, world – wide problems of surface waters. During last decades there is the increasing demand for effective methods of monitoring systems based on biotic indices. For practical application, the monitoring tools must satisfy certain requirements: (1) sampling should be quick and easy; (2) indices should be straightforward to calculate. The aim of the study was to test the usefulness of rotifer abundance and species composition as indicators of trophic state of lakes. Data on rotifer densities and taxonomic composition were collected in 41 dimictic and 33 polymictic lakes situated in northeastern Poland. The samples were taken once a year, during the summer stagnation period at 1 m intervals from the surface to the bottom of the epilimnion layer in thermally stratified lakes and from the surface to the bottom of shallow lakes. The data were used to estimate the relationship between the rotifer community structure and the indices of trophic state of lakes (TSI), like concentration of chlorophyll a and Secchi’s disc visibility, (as the estimator of suspended particulate material in the water) calculated according to Carlson (1977) and widely used recently. The estimations were made separately for dimictic and polymictic lakes. However, regressions for the relationships between the trophic state of lakes based on mean values for Secchi’s disc (TSISD ) and chlorophyll a content (TSICHL ) and rotifer indices for both groups of lakes, usually were not different. Thus the same regression equations may be used for both dimictic and polymictic lakes. The following formulas for rotifer TSI index (TSIROT) were found: (1) rotifer numbers (N, ind. L-1): TSIROT1 = 5.38 Ln(N) + 19.28; (2) total biomass of rotifer community (B, mg w.wt. L-1): TSIROT2 = 5.63 Ln(B) + 64.47; (3) percentage of bacterivores in total rotifer numbers (BAC, %): TSIROT3 = 0.23 BAC+ 44.30; (4) ratio of biomass to numbers (B:N, mg w.wt. ind.-1): TSIROT4 = 3.85 (B:N)-0.318; (5) percentage of the tecta form in the population of Keratella cochlearis (TECTA, %): TSIROT5 = 0.198 TECTA + 48.8 for dimictic lakes and TSIROT5 = 0.144 TECTA + 54.8 for polymictic ones; (6) contribution of species which indicate high trophic state in the indicatory group’s numbers (IHT, %): TSIROT6 = 0.203 IHT + 40.0. It was assumed that the lakes with a TSIROT under 45 are mesotrophic, those with a TSIROT value of 45–55 are meso-eutrophic, 55–65 - eutrophic and those with a TSIROT above 65 - hypertrophic. The formulas may be useful in preparing similar indices for lakes in central and northern Europe.
Studies were conducted in littoral sand deposits of a eutrophic, deep lake (Lake Mikołajskie, Masurian Lakeland, Poland) in aim to test the hypothesis that epihydroarenal (the most upper layer of sand deposits) may play a role of a refuge from visual predators for rotifers from adjacent water layer. However, a comparison of the daily vertical distribution of the rotifer community structure and densities in microlayers of the lake psammolittoral, i.e. adjacent water layer (5.0–0.0 cm), epihydroarenal (0–0.5 cm) and three microlayers of endohydroarenal (0.5–1.0 cm, 1.0–1.5 cm and 1.5–2.0 cm) revealed a lack of up-and-down vertical migrations of the animals. During day and night hours, both on 5/6 and 11/12 July, rotifers were concentrated in epihydroarenal. In all cases 64 to 85% of rotifer community inhabited this layer, whereas up to 4% occurred in adjacent water layer. Large and permanently renewed food resources (algae and bacteria) in the most upper layer of sand deposits form a very thin layer that can be called “a canteen”. This may explain permanent concentration of rotifers in the layer.
Trichocerca simoneae De Smet described in 1989 has since been found in tropical and subtropical areas, but was not recorded in Poland before World War II. A bibliography of Polish rotifers by Wiszniewski (1953), although very comprehensive, does not refer to T. simoneae. However, in the studies of plankton of the dystrophic lake, i.e. humic one with water rich in humic acids, acidic pH and brown coloured, carried out in the years 1998–2000, the species dominated. Here, studies in 39 small, inter-forest lakes of north-eastern Poland revealed T. simoneae in 15 of them, often at high densities, up to ca 6000 ind L-1. The possible reasons for this ‘invasion’ are: (1) zooplankton communities in dystrophic lakes are unsaturated with biotic interactions too weak to exclude invaders; CCA and RDA analyses showed that T. simoneae preferred habitats with low number of zooplankton species of low density and dystrophic lakes seem to offer such habitats; (2) long-term deposition of rotifer resting eggs is probably more successful in sediments decaying at low rates. The latter possibility seems to be confirmed by observed in the littoral zone of dystrophic lakes appearance from time to time, of rare, mostly tropical species of Rotifera (e.g., Lecane hornemnni, L. monostyla, L. sola).
Rotifer communities inhabiting wet sands of lake beaches are dependent in their functioning on permanent input of organic matter from neighbouring sites. The aim of the study is to test the hypothesis that trophic state of lake waters may influence densities and structure of psammon communities of Rotifera. Studies were carried out in hydro-, hygro- and euarenal of 44 beaches in 18 lakes of different trophy in summer 1999 (since 2 till 17 July) and 38 beaches in 16 lakes in spring 2000 (since 10 till 23 May). Psammon was sampled always between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. at similar weather conditions (no shadow, rains and strong winds). Interstitial waters were mostly alkaline and contained less oxygen than lake ones and oxygen concentrations decreased upward water line. Very high variability of phosphate P content made differences between trophic groups of lakes not significant. Similarly, concentrations of P total were more or less similar in all studied trophic groups of lakes. Total nitrogen values were increasing from meso-eutrophic to hypertrophic lakes in spring, whereas this trend was not observed in summer. Chlorophyll a concentrations were similar in meso-, meso-eu- and eutrophic and markedly higher in hypertrophic lakes. In general, some tendency to increasing values of chemical parameters with increasing trophy may be seen if their ranking list is compared. Rotifers were present in all studied stations. In total, 110 species (i.e. ca. 26% of all records of rotifer species in Poland) were found with 22 species occurring exclusively in psammon. Three species new in rotifer fauna of Poland were discovered Cephalodella psammophila, Collotheca wiszniewski and Euchlanis dapidula. Generally all trophic groups of lakes were relatively similar as regards species structure of rotifer communities with rotifers of the genus Lecane playing most important role. The index of Percentage Similarity of Community calculated tbr randomly chosen 30 pairs of particular beaches from the same lake and for beaches of different lakes was in both cases almost identical. Species of high frequency constituted the overwhelming majority of individuals forming rotifer communities of all beaches. Taxons met in 1 to 5 lakes decided on faunistic originality of the communities. Some tendency was observed for higher diversity of psammon rotifer communities in mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes. The lowest values of diversity index occurred mostly in hypertrophic lakes. Psammobionts constituted only 20% and psammoxens 10% of the community abundance in all lakes and all zones of the beaches, whereas psammophilic rotifers decidedly dominated (70%). Rotifer abundance was relatively similar in eu- and hypertrophic lakes and markedly higher in mesotrophic and lower in meso-eutrophic lakes. However, due to high fluctuations of the values noted in particular beaches the differences were not significant in any of the possible configurations of compared data. Monogononta played much more important role in rotifer densities than bdelloids. The hypothesis on advantageous influence of high trophy of lake waters on abundance of psammon communities of Rotifera cannot be supported by results of this work. In lakes of moderate trophy (from meso- to eutrophy) the amount of nutrients and chlorophyll does not seem to influence psammon communities. In hypertrophic lakes this impact is observed, but it seems to be rather unfavourable for psammon rotifers. The communities in hypertrophic lakes are poorer in species, less diversified and less original. The group of animals developing well in this group of lakes are bdelloids. Species composition nad community structure of psammon rotifers seem to be rather determined by many different factors, lake trophy being only one of them and probably not the main one.
According to a theory of lake restoration through food web manipulation, the removal of planktivorous fish results in the development of large cladocerans (mostly daphnids) and, consequently, in reduction of algal biomass. However, as a rule, publications devoted to different aspects of the theory completely neglected other groups of plankton invertebrates, thought they may reach very high densities. Investigations carried out in five Masurian lakes differing in trophic state and mixis showed that in most lakes the role of small cladocerans, copepods, rotifers and protozoans in the consumption of algal food and nutrient regeneration was more important than the role of large daphnids. Daphnia cucullata played more significant role (excreting 28% of the regenerated P) during “clear water phase” only in one lake – Lake Głębokie. In the remaining lakes more important was an impact of Bosmina longirostris (11–59% of the regenerated P), younger stages of cyclopoids (23%), ciliate Strobilidium humile (20%) or detritophagous rotifer Keratella cochlearis (21%). Evidenced in many papers special role of large cladocerans in clearing lake water is explained by their combined direct (by “efficient” filtering) and indirect (suppression of ciliates and rotifers through predation, interference and resource competition) impact on nutrient sedimentation or exclusion from internal cycling.
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