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The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on the water-soluble protein pattern of Ricinus communis leaves was analyzed. Several dynamic changes occurred after a period of 24 and 48h including six proteins (Mr 13,000, 15,000, 16,000, 27,000, 29,000 and 60,000) whose levels increased by 48h and seven others (Mr 11,000, 18,000, 20,000 30,000, 37,000, 40,000 and 58,000) whose levels decreased. Four proteins (Mr 24,000, 34,000, 64,000 and 66,000) were induced after 24h of treatment, but returned to control levels by 48h. On the other hand, the levels of three proteins (Mr 74,000, 84,000 and 88,000) decreased after 24h, but returned to control levels after 48h. One of the proteins that accumulated after 48 h had the 13 first residues sequenced. This polypeptide named MJRC-15, was identical to the C-terminal sequence of Rubisco-large chain polypeptide (position 337–350) from tobacco chloroplast. Western-blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies against Rubisco supports the hypothesis that MJRC-15 is a degradation product of Rubisco.
Carbon nanotubes act as regulators of plant germination and growth and are able to change the morphology and physiology of plant cells. The castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is a very important medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 different concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 75, 100, 125, 250 and 500 μg · ml–1) alongside the control under laboratory conditions on the germination and growth of castor seedlings. The results demonstrated that the maximum percentage of germination (96.7%) and relative germination percentage (100%) were found in the concentrations of 50 and 100 μg · ml–1, respectively, and the highest germination rate (53.3%) and the mean germination time (4.6 days) was seen in the concentration of 75 μg · ml–1. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the different concentrations in any of the germination factors. In the concentration of 100 μg · ml–1, there was a significant increase in the seedling vigor index I (400) when compared with the concentrations of 5 and 10 μg · ml–1. The maximum seedling vigor index II (11.3) was found in the concentration of 100 μg · ml–1 and was significantly different from the control and all applied concentrations. The length of radicle in the 100 and 125 μg · ml–1 had a significant increase when compared with the control and the concentrations of 10 and 50 μg · ml–1. The maximum seedling length (4.6 cm) was seen in the concentration of 100 μg · ml–1 where there was a significant increase with 10 μg · ml–1. Moreover, in the 100 μg · ml–1 concentration, the largest number of rootlets (8.6) was seen and when compared with the control and concentrations of 5, 10 and 50 μg · ml–1, there was a statistically significant increase. The maximum wet weight (0.3 g) and dry weight (0.1 g) of seedlings were obtained in the concentration of 100 μg · ml–1 and when compared with the control, there was a significant increase. It was found that in all factors related to the growth of seedlings, the concentrations of 10 and 50 MWCNTs had an inhibitory effect on the response index. The MWCNTs concentration of 100 μg · ml–1 was considered as the optimum concentration in the growth stage of castor seedlings.
The study was aimed at evaluation of effectiveness of castor oil and Senna extract in patients with simple chronic constipation. The investigation was carried out on 30 subjects, who were treated with castor oil at different doses and Senna extract using a cross-over design with an interval of three days. In the light of the results obtained we postulate that castor oil is a superior treatment approach than Senna extract in patients with simple chronic constipation.
Natural enemies of insect pests in vegetable crops (brinjal, okra and tomato) were recorded and their diversity was studied in Kancheepuram and Tiruvallur Districts, Tamil Nadu. Natural enemies were collected by pitfall traps, sweeping nets and by hand picking from January 2011 to December 2013 twice in a month. Totally 129 species of predatory and parasitic insects were recorded. All the natural enemies were grouped into 50 families under eight different orders. Order hymenoptera contained the highest number of families and species. Among the predators, Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) was found to be the dominant group with high number of species. It was clear that Coccinellidae, Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Pentatomidae were the predominant natural enemies throughout the study period. In 2013, formicidae formed the major family of occurrence from July to December in the vegetable fields; in this period the total number of individuals collected from all families was the highest. The maximum Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 3.70 during the second season in 2013. Maximum richness (5.99) was recorded in the second season of 2012. The variations in the diversity, species richness and evenness between two cropping systems are discussed in this paper.
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