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The effects of the application of the chemical thinner Armothin® on fruit set, yield and quality of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cv. ‘Fortune’ were studied during two seasons in Central Chile (34.56°S, 71.5°W). Trees were sprayed with Armothin® at 0.5%, 1% and 2% concentrations. All thinning treatments reduced the fruit set and fruitlet number (fruitlets/50 cm of branch). Armothin® at 2% conc. was the most aggressive treatment, drastically reducing the fruit set from 85.9% and 82.9% of the control and crop load to unprofitable levels during both seasons. Chemical thinning treatments at the two lowest concentrations (0.5 and 1%) did not significantly alter the crop load compared with the unsprayed control during both study seasons. Thinning costs were reduced (Armothin® 0.5%, 25.0% and 21.5% of the control treatment and Armothin® 1%, 24.6% and 24.1% of the control, during the first and second season, respectively). In general, chemical thinning increased the fruit size and total soluble solids content (TSS). Taking into account the effects on thinning, crop load, fruit quality and thinning costs, Armothin® 1% and Armothin® 0.5% are the most advantageous treatments in the case of this study.
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Rosaceae fruit trees are characterized by gametophytic self-incompatibility, with their production typically requiring artificial pollination or pollination tree is required in production. Both of these solutions cause reductions in production efficiency, and self-incompatibility has become a major issue in agricultural biology, and as such, has been extensively studied. In this review, we discuss the relationship between S-RNase content in the style and self-incompatibility, and the role of the SLF gene in stamen-determining factor. Considering mutations in self-compatibility-related genes and self-compatibility in polyploid fruit trees, we discuss the potential mechanisms of self-incompatibility. Based on a preliminary study of the role of pollen tube Ca2+ gradients in self-incompatibility in Pyrus, we propose a new mechanistic model of self-incompatibility taking into account the effect of Ca2+. We also discuss the potential for hormone regulation to be used to control selfincompatibility in Rosaceae fruit trees.
Japanese plum trees of the cultivars 'Kometa', 'Najdiena', 'Skoroplodnaja' and 'Shiro' grafted on Wangenheim Prune seedlings, were planted in the spring of 2006 at the Fruit Experimental Station in Samotwor near Wroc law, Poland. As the control, trees of the 'Amers' cultivar, which belong to European plums, were used. All trees were planted at a spacing of 4.0 x 2.0 m (1250 trees per hectare). The experiment was established in a randomized block design, in four replications, with 5 trees per plot. In 2006-2009, records of vegetative growth, abundance of blooming, yield, and fruit weight were taken. The first significant yield was achieved in the third year after planting. In 2008­2009 trees of 'Shiro' had an abundant yield (48.5 kg •tree-1). 'Shiro' produced a sig­nificantly higher yield compared to other cultivars. There were no significant differ­ences between 'Amers' (27.3 kg •tree-1) and the Japanese plum cultivars 'Kometa' (29.2 kg-tree-1) and 'Skoroplodnaja' (21.5 kg •tree-1). Japanese plum fruits were sig­nificantly smaller compared to the European ones. The cultivar 'Amers' had the heaviest fruit (53 g). The Japanese plum trees had smaller fruits, and among the them, the cultivar 'Shiro' had the largest fruit (44 g). The observations showed that 'Shiro' produced higher yields, gave large fruits, and had intensive blooming, but the growth of the trees was very strong.
The effect of alginate treatments with or without salicylic and oxalic acid as post-harvest coating in extending the postharvest life of plums (Prunus salicina L. cv. ‘Black amber’) and maintaining their quality were investigated. Plums were treated with 2% alginate coating with or without salicylic (1.0 mM) and oxalic acid (1.0 mM), and then stored at 0−1°C and 90 ±5% relative humidity for 40 days. The quality of plums was assessed at 10-day intervals by evaluating the following quality parameters: weight loss, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, firmness, respiration rate, ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The respiration rate, weight loss and changes in quality parameters were much lower in coated plums as compared with the control. Alginate coating resulted in a significant reduction in weight loss of fruits. Alginate treatments with or without salicylic and oxalic acid were effective on delaying the evolution of parameters related to postharvest ripening, such as soluble solids content, softening and reducing respiration rate. At the end of the storage period, the edible coatings showed a positive effect on maintaining higher concentration of total phenolics, total anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity, which decreased in control plums as a result of over-ripening and senescence processes. The results suggested that the use of alginate enriched with salicylic acid could maintain considerably higher quality of fruits and level of bioactive compounds than other coating treatments during 40 days of storage at 0−1°C.
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