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In the present work the temperature effect on rheological properties of Portuguese honeys was studied for the fi rst time. Two unifl oral honeys – heather and rosemary – and a polyflower honey were analyzed. All honeys showed flow independence over time and behaved as Newtonian fluids at the studied temperature and shear rate ranges. For all honeys it was found that the viscosity decreased with temperature and the rosemary honey was the one that always presented the lowest viscosity at 30°C (6120 mPa·s), 50°C (603 mPa·s) and 70°C (145 mPa·s). The temperature dependence of viscosity was well described by the T B A K equation. Nevertheless, good regression coefficients were also obtained when fitting the experimental data to the Arrhenius model, showing the rosemary honey to be less temperature sensitive. The results obtained in this study are of great interest to beekeepers and industrials that handle and prepare eatable honey-based products because they will be better informed about the best type of honey to use.
The seasonal distribution of fungal spore concentration in the city of Porto, Portugal, was continuously studied, from 1 January to 31 December 2003, using a 7-day volumetric Burkard trap. In Portugal, aerobiological studies are scarce, and to our knowledge there are no published data on the atmospheric concentration of fungal spores. The aim of this work therefore is to initiate the aeromycological studies in Porto. The total airborne spore concentration fluctuated between 2 and 2,198 spores/m3 per day with an daily mean of 403 spores/m3. The highest airborne spore concentration was found during the summer and the early autumn, while the lowest concentration was registered during the winter. A range of allergenic and phytopathogenic fungal spores was present in the atmosphere of Porto throughout the entire year, although in different concentrations. Among the 22 fungal spore types identified Cladosporium (74.5%), Ganoderma (11.7%), Aspergillaceae (2.9%), Ustilago (2.5%), Coprinus (1.5%), Alternaria (1.3%) and Botrytis (1.3%) were the most frequent. Seasonally, spore levels of Cladosporium and Alternaria peaked in the autumn and winter, Ganoderma peaked toward autumn, whilst spore levels of the basidiomycete Coprinus fluctuated throughout the year. The total spore concentration was negatively correlated with wind speed and positively correlated with temperature and relative humidity.
The feeding ecology of the European wildcat Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777 was studied by analysing 220 scats collected between January and December 1994 at Serra da Malcata Nature Reserve (Portugal). Feeding trials, carried out with a captive male and female, allowed the author to relate the dry excreted weight of prey items in the scats with the fresh biomass ingested. Rodents, particularly Apodemus silvaticus and Microtus lusitanicus, were the dominant component of the diet. Lagomorphs, mostly rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, were the second most heavily consumed item in terms of consumed biomass, being more preyed upon, in spring and summer. Although insectivores were regularly consumed throughout the year, this group only represented a small fraction of the total consumed biomass. Reptiles, especially species of Lacer- tidae, were the third most favoured quarry, with higher predator pressure in spring and summer. Bird remains were found at low levels throughout the year. Insects and plants were unimportant items in the diet. The wildcats feeding spectrum showed little variation throughout the year.
Two hundred and eighty-one anisakid larvae were found encapsulated in stomachs and mesenteries of 69 blackspot seabreams, Pagellus bogaraveo from Madeiran waters. Ninety-four larvae were identified as Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii (Type I larvae), Anisakis simplex s.l. (Type II larvae) and Hysterothylacium sp. Prevalence of infection with anisakids increased with host length from 81.3% to a maximum of 96.3%. Mean intensity ranged from 3.5 (at length class 25 cm) to 4.8 (at length class 35 cm), with the majority of fish infected with only 1 or 2 parasites. A positive but not significant correlation was found between intensity and length (rₛ = 0.0419, p = 0.717). The high values of prevalence and low values of intensity may indicate that the anisakid larvae are dispersed within their hosts. No particular histopathological lesions were found associated with the presence of the nematodes, corroborated by a positive but not significant correlation that was found between intensity and condition factor (rₛ = 0.242, p = 0.035).
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Airborne pollen of Olea in five regions of Portugal

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The aim of this work was to study spatial and temporal distribution of Olea europeae airborne pollen in different Portuguese regions: Reguengos de Monsaraz (south); Bairrada (west); Braga (northwest); Valenca do Douro and Foz Coa (north-east). Airborne pollen sampling was conducted from 1998-2003 using "Cour" type samplers located in each region. The main pollen season (MPS) of Olea lasted on average 36 days and occurred from late April until middle-to-end of June. During the studied period, inter-annual variations among and within regions, concerning the total annual pollen counts and the beginning, peak and ending dates of the MPS, were reported. Reguengos de Monsaraz and Bairrada registered the earliest MPS starting date, followed by Valenca do Douro and Foz-Coa, and the latest date was verified in Braga that also had the shortest MPS. Reguengos de Monsaraz presented the longest MPS with the highest differences in the beginning and ending dates, but minimum differences in the dates of the maximum pollen peak. Our results showed an increase in the Olea annual pollen index, from north to south, and from the west to the east regions of the country.
The pollinic spectrum of the Madeira region is dominated by grass pollen, which also represents an important aeroallergen in Europe. The present work aims to analyze the main features of the Poaceae pollen season in the Madeira region to determine the allergic risk. The study took place in Funchal city, the capital of Madeira Island, over a period of 10 years (2003–2012). The airborne pollen monitoring was carried out with a Hirst type volumetric trap, following well-established guidelines. In the atmosphere of Funchal, the mean annual Poaceae pollen index was 229. The mean Poaceae pollen season lasts 275 days, with an onset date in January/March and an end date in November/December. Poaceae counts showed a seasonal variation with 2 distinct peaks: a higher peak between March and June, and the second one in autumn. The peak values occurred mainly between April and June, and the highest peak was 93 grains/m3, detected on the 27th May of 2010. The Poaceae pollen remaining at low levels during the whole growing season, presenting a nil to low allergenic risk during most of the study period. Higher critical levels of allergens have been revealed after 2006. In general, the pollen risk from Poaceae lasted only a few days per year, despite the very long pollen season and the abundance of grasses in the landscape of Madeira Island.
Eleven new tracks from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal are described and attributed to the stegosaurian ichnogenus Deltapodus. One track exhibits exceptionally well−preserved impressions of skin on the plantar surface, showing the stegosaur foot to be covered by closely spaced skin tubercles of ca. 6 mm in size. The Deltapodus specimens from the Aalenian of England represent the oldest occurrence of stegosaurs and imply an earlier cladogenesis than is recognized in the body fossil record.
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The Galinha tracksite reveals a sequence of Bajocian–Bathonian limestones belonging to the Serra de Aire Formation (West−Central Portugal) and is one of the few sites in the world where Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur tracks can be found. This tracksite is characterised by the presence of long, wide gauge sauropod trackways, the Middle Jurassic age of which suggests these dinosaurs were more widely distributed over time than previously thought. Two trackways contain unique pes and manus prints with morphologies that allow a new sauropod ichnotaxon to be described: Polyonyx gomesi igen. et isp. nov. On the basis of different manus/pes prints and trackway features, the proposal is made to subdivide Sauropodomorpha ichno−morphotypes into five groups: Tetrasauropus−like, Otozoum−like, Breviparopus/Parabrontopodus−like; Brontopodus−like, and Polyonyx−like. Polyonyx gomesi igen. et isp. nov. is thought to represent a nonneosauropod eusauropod, with a well developed manus digit I. The posterior orientation of this digit print suggests they were made by a eusauropod dinosaur with a posteriorly rotated pollex. The manus print morphologies observed in two trackways suggest a stage of manus structure intermediate between the primitive non−tubular sauropod manus and the tubular metacarpal arrangement characteristic of more derived sauropods. The low heteropody (manus:pes area ratio 1:2) of the trackway renders it possible they could have been made by eusauropods such as Turiasaurus riodevensis, which has a similar manus:pes area ratio. The Polyonyx igen. nov. trackway was made by non−neosauropod eusauropod, and suggests that wide gauge sauropod trackways were not exclusively made by Titanosauriformes.
The three decades, which started with the accession of Greece, Spain and Portugal to the European Union and are ending with the global financial crisis we have experienced during last few years, have brought about significant changes in the welfare system of Southern Europe. Its present form is a direct result of economic, social, as well as political changes which occurred there in the second half of the 20th century. They were determined by crucial events which re-defined the role of a modern state and its institutions, social solidarity and dependencies occurring in free market economy. This article aims to present the influence of changes related to the process of European Union integration and the membership of Greece, Spain and Portugal on the evolution of the socio-economic system functioning there, which is unique in Europe.
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