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The paper focuses on comparisons of the size of the labour force between cooperatives and other legal forms of enterprises in agricultural area. Precisely, the purpose of the paper is to analyse differences between cooperatives and other enterprises in the agricultural sector in the context of employment. An empirical analysis is done on the example of Polish agricultural production cooperatives (APC) and other farming entities. The paper brings answers to the following research questions: Do the agricultural cooperatives provide more employment than other farming entities? What was the level of employment in agricultural cooperatives and other farming entities and what will it be? How does the level of employment influence the profitability of agricultural cooperatives and other farming entities? The conclusions are made on the basis of an analysis of the “List of the 300 best agricultural enterprises” prepared by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics – the National Research Institute in Poland. The analysis includes the following types of agricultural enterprises: agricultural production cooperatives, government-owned companies, individual farms, private companies and other farming entities. The time range of this research covers the years 2009–2015. The comparisons are made using analysis of variance, extrapolation method and correlation analysis. The main finding is that there are no clear and significant differences between agricultural production cooperatives and other farming entities in terms of the level of employment, its impact on the overall profitability and partially on increase thereof. However, some of the entities are able to create a lot of jobs. Moreover, they can increase the return on sales by increasing the level of employment and maintain the existing jobs even in the time of a crisis.
The purpose of the article is to compare the use of aid funds from operations: Investments in agricultural holdings, Farms adaptation to the EU standards and Modernization of agricultural holdings in Poland analyzed of regions perspective (Polish voivodeships). It was found that the activity of farmers in obtaining EU funds in order to support investments is highly diversified in terms of the region. The tendency of farmers to raise funds for investments is related to the local conditions, the level of production, agricultural practices, area structure, as well as the level of technical and social infrastructure in different regions. On the basis of the obtained data, it must be considered that there is a continuing need to support investment in agriculture under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), but it should be devoted to the regional context.
Eighteen purebred Arabian mares and six Anglo-Arabian mares were observed during first 4 h after foaling in one of the leading Polish stud farms in two foaling seasons. The aim of the research was to analyse the behaviour of mares and the condition of foals after parturition. Specific behavioural responses like licking, nuzzling, and touching a foal were identified as interactive activities supporting the process of creating the bond between the mare and the foal. The maternal behaviours started immediately after parturition and reached the biggest frequency in the first hour after foaling. The time spent by the mares on standing, resting, and eating has also been measured. The results of observations were compared in reference to mares' breeds and statuses. Aggressive maternal behaviour, both normal and abnormal (perceived as aberration) was noticed. Foal's condition after parturition was assessed on the basis of the first standing up, colostrum nursing, and meconium passing. On average, the foals made attempts to stand up in the 21st min after birth, and the first self-reliant getting up occurred in the 85th min. The share of time spent by the foals in the upright position increased with even hour. Furthermore, the time of the first colostrum nursing was associated with the first standing up. The duration of gestation influenced foals' colostrum nursing and meconium passing.
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