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The aim of the study was to analyse inbreeding and relationship in the Polish population of Black-and-White sires. Data were pedigrees of 25 036 Black-and-White sires born from 1960 through 2000, divided into subsets of 11 447 proven and 13 589 unproven sires, and their 38 228 ancestors, altogether 63 264 animals. Average inbreeding coefficients were about 0.3% for both subsets of sires. Mean relationship coefficients ranged from 0.1% in all animals to 0.7% in the subset of proven sires. Positive time trends in inbreeding coefficients were observed when the subsets of sires were divided into 5-year intervals according to the year of birth and in terms of Holstein Friesian gene contribution.
The aim of the study was to estimate the content of functional components of milk in some major cattle breeds. The study was performed in two parts. The first was conducted on Black-and-White (BW) and Polish Red (PR) cows. All animals were kept as one herd at Popielno, and maintained according to the traditional extensive feeding system. Bulk milk samples were used, representing the milk of 349 Simmental cows (SM) cows, maintained and fed in similar conditions to BW and PR animals. The second part included Black-and-White cows upgraded with HF (BW HF) and Simmental cows (SM). Animals of BWHF and SM breed originated from different herds. However, they were maintained and fed according to a similar system, without access to pasture. Milk was examined for antioxidants, CLA and other functional fatty acids as well as FFA and MDA content indicative of milk fat quality. The milk of SM cows maintained according to the traditional system significantly (p≤0.01) exceeded BW and PR for A and E vitamins, as well as C 4:0, C18:2, C20:4, C20:5, and C22:5, while was lower (p≤0.01) than of BW in the case of fat, MDA, FFA and C vitamin (p≤0.01) content. There was a highly significant interaction of breed and season. During the grazing season milk of BW cows contained significantly more (p≤0.01) fat, C vitamin, C18:1 trans 11 and CLA than that of SM. In the case of animals fed TMR diet, milk of SM exceeded significantly (p≤0.01) that of BW HF cows for fat, protein, CLA, C20:4 and C20:5 content, while MDA, FFA, cholesterol and C18:2 content of milk were higher in BW HF animals. Individual variation of CLA content differed among breeds and was the greatest (over 3 fold) in milk fat of BW cows.
The diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 gene (OGAT1) was investigated in Polish Black-and-White cattle. The frequency of the K allele was 0.60, 0.68 and 0.48 for AI sires (n = 150), young bulls (n = 139) and cows (n = 213), respectively. The method of selective genotyping for identification of the quantitative trait nucleotide was verified through identification of DGAT1 effect on milk production traits. Daughters of six heterozygous bulls were selectively genotyped based on their milk traits. The genotypic frequencies differed between high and low yield groups representing milk and fat contents. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed a highly significant effect of DGAT1 K232A in cows with extremely low fat content and a significant effect in cows with extremely high protein content of milk. No significant effect of AI sires’ genotypes on their breeding value was found.
During the early postnatal period in calves various adaptational changes occur. These functional, morphological and also metabolic alteration are reflected by blood plasma protein changes as they are secreted and shed from many cells and tissues. Blood plasma protein pattern of an adult cattle differs in some respect when compared with neonatal calves. There exist a very few data concerning 2-D maps of neonatal calves blood plasma. The above prompted us to establish protein pattern of this biological fluid characteristic of healthy, 7 day old, Polish Black-and-White (Polish Friesian) breed calves. Blood plasma proteins of the isoelectric point ranging from 4.0 to 7.0 were analyzed by the aid of high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Subsequently, 79 excised protein spots corresponding to 23 different gene products were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS). Protein map obtained in the present study may be useful in assessing the changes in the calves blood plasma protein profiles occurring in response to different physiological and/or pathophysiological factors.
The experiment was carried out on 40 Polish Black-and-White HF bull calves (52-87% of HF blood) aged from 9 and 12 days at the beginning of the experiment to 90 days at its end. From the beginning of the trial the calves were offered restricted liquid feed to 56 days of age and concentrates ad libitum according to IZ-PIB-INRA recommendations. The concentrates were without sodium butyrate (control group, C), or with 1% Na-butyrate (group B1), 3% Na-butyrate (group B3) and 0.3% Na-butyrate (group B0.3), and included meadow hay from 0.10 kg/day during the liquid feeding period to 0.20 kg/day after weaning at 57 days of age. Na-butyrate at 3% in the diet reduced feed intake and had a beneficial effect on calf growth and nutrient utilization. The dietary level of Na-butyrate did not cause significant changes in serum β-hydroxybutyric acid concentration of the calves.
The effects of cow’s genotype at αS1- and αS2-casein gene 5’-noncoding regions (promoters) were determined on selected milk production traits of the 135 Polish Black-and-White (Polish Friesian) cows as related to the animal’s age, lactation parity and stage, and somatic cell count. Cows of the AA genotype of αS1-casein gene yielded more milk daily than AG heterozygotes. Also, the daily yield of solids-non-fat, protein and lactose was higher in AA genotype cows. Milk of the cows with genotype CC of αS2-casein contained more lactose but less protein than that of the CT heterozygotes. The daily protein yield was slightly (but significantly) higher in the cows of the CT αS2-casein genotype. In summary, the results showed that genetic variants of αS1- and αS2-casein 5’-noncoding regions had only a slight effect on milk production traits of the Polish Black-and-White cows. Nevertheless,the AA genotype of αS1-casein seemed favourable for higher milk yield, as well as for lactose and protein content.
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