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Mexican Pliocene cervids are very poorly known. We report on new fossil material of the roe deer Capreolus constantini recovered from the Pliocene Atotonilco El Grande Formation of Santa Maria Amajac, Hidalgo (central Mexico). The specimens were collected from a series of layers of friable to moderately indurated polymictic conglomerate supported by a sandstone-tuffaceous-calcareous matrix. This species was formerly known only from the late Pliocene of Udunga, Russia, thus implying a dispersal event to North America around 4.0 Ma. This cervid is one of the very small number of mammals recorded from the poorly sampled Pliocene temperate deposits of Mexico.
This paper presents the results of study of the fossil fish remnants from the Early Pliocene strata of Priozernoe locality (Republic of Moldova). Nine species, belonging to seven genera, five families and five orders (Acipenseriformes, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Esociformes, and Perciformes) were identified. Most of the identified taxa are morphological analogues of extant forms. The investigated fish assemblage indicates freshwater to slightly brackish water environments.
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A huge development of technical infrastructure, including the construction of many high-rise buildings, roads, railroads and extension of subway lines, took place over the recent years in Poland. Therefore, numerous planned investment projects require geotechnical data documenting the variation of soil parameters found in the subsoil. The shear wave velocity is one of the most important input parameters to represent the stiffness of the soil deposits. This paper focuses on the methods and devices using measurements of the shear wave velocity to estimate the initial shear modulus in cohesive soil. It is preferable to measure VS by in situ wave propagation tests, however it is often economically not feasible in all regions of Poland. Hence, a reliable correlation between shear wave velocity and parameters measured in triaxial cell or static penetration parameters would be a considerable advantage. This study shows results obtained from the bender elements tests and fi eld techniques – seismic cone penetration test and seismic flat dilatometer, performed on overconsolidated cohesive soils in Warsaw. On the basis of the test results possible correlations between shear wave velocity (initial shear modulus), mean effective stress and void ratio are considered and four original empirical relationships are proposed. Moreover, the proposed formulas by two different techniques using triaxial apparatus and also RCPT cone were examined. The proposed formulas show a reasonable agreement with direct shear wave velocity profiles for clays and might be incorporated into routine laboratory and field practice.
The distribution of the Turridae in the Pliocene of Catalonia (NE Spain) is heterogeneous. It appears to be determined to a greater extent by the particular autoecological traits of each species than by more general environmental factors. The area formed by the Pla de Barcelona and the Baix Llobregat may be regarded as a bio-geographical unit due to turrid species, which do not occur in other basins. The turrid distribution in the Alt Empordà basin manifests a high degree of environmental diversity among the different outcrops of the area, thus confirming the earlier provided taphonomic and biogeographic data. Species of the Turridae from Poble de Siurana (Alt Empordà) are also present in different parts of the Pla de Barcelona and Baix Llobregat areas. This indicates the existence of similar ecological enclaves in both basins, within a quite different general context.
Oceanic dolphins (Odontoceti: Delphinidae) constitute the most speciose family of extant cetaceans, yet their fossil record is limited. Although several extinct species are known from Mediterranean and North Atlantic localities, there are few examples from deposits along the Pacific Rim. Despite the rich record of successive marine mammal fossil assemblages in the extensively sampled eastern North Pacific, only one fossil delphinid, Protoglobicephala (Pliocene, Baja California), has been described. We report globicephaline remains from the Mio-Pliocene Purisima Formation of Northern California, including a partial cranium and two isolated petrosals. The skull exhibits large ridges on the premaxillae, and cannot be referred to any extant globicephaline genus. Similarly, the petrosals cannot be referred to any described delphinid genus, although they are most similar to those of Globicephala. Linear regression analyses demonstrate that promontorium length and bony nares width scale significantly within delphinidans, and provide a new method for testing referrals of isolated fossil odontocete petrosals to taxa known only by crania. Applying this method to the new globicephalines from the Purisima Formation, we find the petrosals to be too small to represent the same taxon as the skull, thus indicating the presence of two separate species. Our results demonstrate that globicephalines had achieved a worldwide distribution by the early Pliocene, suggesting diversification of the subfamily by 5 Ma.
Although modern porpoises (Phocoenidae, Odontoceti, Cetacea) occupy most oceanic regions of the world, their fossil record outside the Pacific Ocean remains extremely scarce. Based on a partial skull from lower Pliocene layers (Kattendijk Formation, Zanclean, 5–4.4 Ma) of the Antwerp harbour, a new genus and species of fossil phocoenid, Brabocetus gigaseorum gen. et sp. nov., is described. The new taxon is diagnosed by a unique combination of characters including an anterolateraly widely-open antorbital notch, the anteromedial sulcus being shorter than the posteromedial sulcus, the frontal boss being longer than wide, pronounced asymmetry of the vertex, and the possible presence of an additional longitudinal sulcus across the premaxillary eminence. The phylogenetic analysis indicates that B. gigaseorum is not closely related to extant phocoenids; it is included in a clade comprising most north-west Pacific fossil species, two north-east Pacific fossil species, and the only previously described North Sea fossil species Septemtriocetus bosselaersi. Considering the paleobiogeographic distribution of phocoenids, an early Pliocene arrival from the North Pacific to the North Sea may be correlated to the early opening of the Bering Strait and migration via the Arctic. The presence of S. bosselaersi in younger deposits (Piacenzian) of the southern margin of the North Sea Basin could be the result of either a second dispersal event, or of local speciation in the North Sea, whereas an additional trans-Arctic migration from the North Pacific lead to the present occupation of the North Atlantic and North Sea by the phylogenetically distantly related harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena.
The generic attribution of the Plio-Pleistocene Polish moles ?Neurotrichus polonicus and ?Neurotrichus skoczeni has been questioned several times in the past. The fossil material belonging to ?Neurotrichus polonicus and ?Neurotrichus skoczeni is re-evaluated here and a new diagnosis is provided on the basis of qualitative considerations. In addition, a Geometric Morphometric analysis of the humerus has been performed including both extant and extinct Neurotrichini and Urotrichini taxa for comparison. Our results proved the unique morphology of the Polish material suggesting a distinct taxonomic state. The morphological variations evidenced by the humeral shape analysis agree with the observed qualitative differences and support a new generic allocation. The new genus Rzebikia gen. nov. is proposed for all the material previoulsly ascribed to ?Neurotrichus polonicus and ?Neurotrichus skoczeni.
The Varswater Formation of Langebaanweg at the west coast of South Africa is one of the few fossil sites in Africa dating from the early Pliocene (approx. 5 Mya) (Hendey 1981) and excels in being especially rich in well preserved, though generally isolated, bird remains. Rich (1980: 166) regarded this site as richest pre−Pleistocene bird bone accumulation in the world with at least 60 bird species representing among them penguins, tubenoses, parrots and mousebirds. Studies on seabirds, ibises and other taxa (Olson 1985a, b, 1994) indicated that the Pliocene avifauna is even more diverse than initially thought. Passerines are represented by at least nine species (Rich 1980), but no attempts have been made so far to identify these specimens below the subordinal level. The screening of previously unsorted and unidentified material excavated during the 1960s and 1970s at “E” Quarry, Langebaanweg, yielded several hundred remains of passerines. This sample included five fragmentary humeri that show the characteristics of swallows and martins (Hirundinidae), which are described herein.
The rich and well-preserved bone material of six shrew species extracted from the filling of a karstic cavity near the town of Varshets (Prebalkan region, North Bulgaria) is described. The samples of Beremendia fissidens, Asoriculus gibberodon, Sorex cf. minutus and S. runtonensis represent relatively large forms of these species, while Petenyia hungarica does not grately differ from the other European populations. The Varshets record of S. runtonensis extends the stratigraphical range of the species into the Late Pliocene. The skull fragments determined as Mafia aff. csarnotensis show that this species has four upper antemolars; this number has not so far been known and the studied material contributes to the characteristic of this poorly known genus. The position of the Varshets assemblage within the context of the temporal and spatial variation of the species composition and structure of 23 Pliocene and Early Pleistocene shrew associations from Europe is assessed by correspondence analysis. The results point to a mosaic environment under a relatively warm and dry climate. On the basis of this analysis the ecological interpretation of Asoriculus gibberodon as a strict dweller in wet forests is questioned. The comparisons indicate that it tends to occur in shrew associations related to mosaic landscapes dominated by shrubby and open habitat patches.
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