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Fragmented distribution, the breeding system and effects of genetic drift in small-size populations occurring at edge of the species range play an important role in shaping genetic diversity of such a species. Melica transsilvanica is a plant rare in the flora of Poland, where it reaches the northern limit of its continuous range. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) DNA profiling method was applied to measure genetic diversity among and within populations of M. transsilvanica. Additionally, genetic relationships between M. transsilvanica and Melica ciliata, two closely related species, were explored. A total of 68 plants from 7 populations of M. transsilvanica and 24 plants from 2 populations of M. ciliata, collected in Poland and outside it, were analyzed. Using 294 AFLP fragments from 3 primer combinations, accessions were grouped into two major clusters associating with M. ciliata and M. transsilvanica, respectively. Further, two subclusters, corresponding to the samples collected from the Pieniny Mts and from the Kraków - Częstochowa Upland were clearly distinguished within the M. transsilvanica group. The hierarchical AMOVA exhibited significant genetic distinction between these geographic regions (60.89%, p < 0.001). The obtained results showed that the most genetic diversity resided between the populations of M. transsilvanica (86.03%) while considerably lower genetic variation was found within the populations (13.97%), which is consistent with the results reported for self-plants. The low level of AFLP genetic variation of M. transsilvanica can be caused by the geographic isolation of populations, which preserves the dominant self-mating breeding system of the species. Individual populations of M. transsilvanica are characterized by isolated gene pools differing by a small number of loci.
Two new localities of Orobanche mayeri (Suess. & Ronniger) Bertsch & F. Bertsch, one of the rarest representatives of the family Orobanchaceae in Europe, are reported from southern Poland. The species was recorded in the Pieniny Mts (Central Western Carpathians) in July 2009. The hosts, abundance and habitat preferences at the new localities are described and a supplemented map of the distribution in Europe and Poland is given.
The presented studies show the important role of slope covers, which often differ in their properties from the underlying bedrock, and in the formation of the studied soil profiles and the occurrence of discontinuities within the parent soil material. The observed regularities affect the analysed physical properties, particularly as regards the amount of retention and filtration in the genetic horizons developed within the slope deposits zone (slope cover) and in the zone of rock weatheredin situ(residuum). The diverse properties of the two zones determine both moisture and water movement in a soil profile as well as within the soil cover of the whole slope.
The paper presents detailed information about the localities of 21 species, new to the Pieniny Mountains. The most data concern species collected in protected areas of the Pieniny National Park.
Phengaris ‘rebeli’ Hirschke is a globally threatened obligatorily myrmecophilous and xerothermophilous butterfly. Caterpillars are initially endophytic and feed in flowerheads of Gentiana cruciata L. but they complete their development as social parasites of Myrmica Latr. ants. Relationships with hosts are specific and show geographical variation in Europe. Knowledge on them is vital for effective conservation. In Poland ‘P. rebeli’ was recorded from a dozen or so sites in the SE part of the country and from one locality in the Pieniny Mts. – a low calcareous mountain range on the Polish-Slovak border that constitutes a distinct geobotanical unit with specific climate and diversity of habitats. Present studies aimed to identify hostants of the butterfly in the Pieniny Mts.A total number of 30 Myrmica colonies were searched in 2008 near larval food plants bearing eggs of ‘P. rebeli’ in the previous season. We observed caterpillars and pupae of the butterfly exclusively in nests of M. schencki Em., i.e. 4 of 4 of them were infested. However, we did not find prematures of P. ‘rebeli’ with M. sabuleti Mein., M. rugulosa (Nyl.) and M. rubra (L.) which were also present in the turf. This makes the Pieniny population completely distinct from previously studied populations in SE Poland and similar to those known from Lithuania, France and Spain. It is probably related to the variation in chemical mimicry of P. ‘rebeli’ caterpillars. Our finding contributes to knowledge on the pattern of host-ant use of the butterfly in Europe and is also important for conservation on a local scale.
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Savin juniper (Juniperus sabina L.) is a relict shrub in Poland with only one natural stand in Pieniny Mts. Se- eds require warm followed by cold stratification to overcome dormancy. Application of temperature regime at 20°/3°C layout, for 14 and 17 weeks respectively, is more effective than stratification at 15°/3°C. Interruption of warm stratification phase after 7 weeks and seeds drying at room temperature for 3-days with warm stratification follow-on resulted in increasing of germination capacity from 25% to approximately 45%. Germinated seeds pricked to substrate into containers gave seedlings 3 cm high when cultivated under plastic tunnel in the first vegetation season.
The study presents the results of investigations on changes in groups of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) of xerothermic rock sward ecosystems in the Pieniny caused by storage reservoirs in the Pieniny foothills, operating for over a decade now. A comparative analysis, taking into consideration exclusive characteristic species and indexes of similarity between groups investigated 40 years ago and at present (in 2003–06) at the same sites clearly shows that changes in the Noctuidae fauna are regressive in character only in the immediate vicinity of the water reservoirs and as the distance from a reservoir increases, the negative effect decreases until it disappears completely. Considerable regressive changes may be observed in the following spots: Zielone Skałki (index of similarity), Niedzica Biała Skała (15.74) or Czorsztyn Hill (22.86). In contrast, at present these changes are not observed on Zamczysko (index of similarity 55.55) or Macelowa Góra (53.3).
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