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Black-billed Magpies possess distinctive patterns of black and white on their flight feathers which have been suggested to be family-specific. Such a phenomenon could potentially provide a simple field-method for recognising related or unrelated offspring. Using a combination of wing plumage patterns and multilocus DNA fingerprinting the relationship between plumage variation and genetic relatedness in the European Black-billed Magpie was investigated. The plumage of nestmates was more similar to each other than to young in other nests. However, extra-pair offspring could not be identified from nestmates through plumage differences. Within brood similarity may be explained by full-siblings sharing plumage characteristics through random inheritance, or through a shared rearing environment. Extra-pair offspring may resemble their half-sibs due to shared maternal plumage characteristics and a common rearing environment.
Acta Ornithologica
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1997
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tom 32
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nr 1
121-126
Magpie Pica pica is widely distributed over the built-up areas of Berlin. A population increase is observed at least from the 60s up to now. Over about 20 years population changes are documented in different parts of Berlin. Some main lines of increase are shown for two different habitat types: residential district and closed built-up zone of the city. The method of territory mapping was applied including search for nest stands. The population changes are different for both parts (less steep in the residential district). Recent abundances in the central block building districts exceed those from the residential districts, however, the new top number ist 32 p/km² for a high-rise building area. Since 1991, winter birds were censused in different habitats of Berlin since 1991, during the winter periods 1991 and 1992 with varying plot size, and from 1993 to 1995 on 5ha plots. Magpie uses the residential district with high frequency and abundance. There is some concern about comparability of abundances from winter and breeding seasons. The daily range of a roosting winter community of up to 420 birds is estimated at about 12 km², which means an abundance of up to 3,5 ind./10ha rather near to numbers found on 5ha plots, however, exceeding numbers expected from the breeding season. Henceforth, during winter time Magpies may prefer other habitat types than in the breeding season.
The Black-billed Magpie, Pica pica sericea, was introduced in Japan from Korea about 400 years ago. It inhabits a restricted area in northern Kyushu, but has relatively high nesting density in some areas (> 20 pairs per km²). Most nests are built in the vicinity of human habitation, even in the midst of cities. Most clutches are laid in March and April. Mean clutch size (6.2) and mean number of hatchlings (4.2) are within the ranges of values for European and North American races. Nesting success is low, with only 18% of clutches surviving to fledge. Predation, mainly by crows, is a major cause of failure, accounting for 81% of clutch loss and 84% of brood loss. Low nesting success may have taken place in recent years. Nests on utility poles are more successful than those in trees. Nesting on utility poles has been increasing, occupying more than 50% of total number of nests. The range of the Black-billed Magpie has been gradually expanding in Japan.
Research on the Magpie Pica pica was conducted in the limits of urbanized part of Lvov (66.5km2) in the summer of 1994-1995, and the winters of 1993/94 and 1994/95. The work was based on an ecological (landscape mosaic) division of the city. The number of breeding Magpies was estimated to be 520 pairs (0.8 pair/10ha). The highest density of birds was recorded in parks and areas of one family houses (1.2 pair/10ha), less in the modem housing estates (0.7 pair/10ha), and the lowest in the central and industrial districts (0.4 pair/10ha). The number of wintering Magpies in Lvov is about 2000 (3 ind./10ha). The highest density was recorded in rural zones of the town (8.4 ind./10ha), the least in the industrial zones (1.8 ind./10ha). In winter outside of the town Magpies were counted at a communal roost, which gathered up to 1700 individuals.
Urban landscapes have a negative impact on bird species diversity, yet particular species thrive in urban communities. Like many other corvids, the Korean magpie is a successful colonizer of urban environments. On the semiurban campus of Seoul National University in Korea, we investigated whether magpies adjust territory size with building area and secondarily, whether they use vegetation and artificial components of their territory as indicators of prey density. We measured territorial areas and divided these into vegetation and artificial areas, distinguishing building area as a separate feature. We sampled prey density on each territory during the nestling stage. Territory size increased with the square root of building area (SRBA). As the length of building perimeter also increases with SRBA, we conclude that territory size was proportional to building perimeter. Prey density decreased with SRBA indicating that buildings had a negative impact on prey. Breeding success was also negatively related to SRBA. We suggest that magpies adjusted territory size according to the length of building perimeter due to a decline in prey density. As prey density declined, artificial pavement area was added to include open trash bins, which increase the availability of anthropogenic refuse such as discarded food. Vegetation area declined as prey density increased, but changes in vegetation area were minor and had little impact on prey availability measured at ground level. Structural cues were not used to adjust vegetation area, and artificial structural cues were not used to adjust territorial size over direct monitoring of prey density.
The study aimed to describe the seed pool accumulated in the nest material of Magpie Pica pica, and to determine the importance of this mechanism of seed dispersal for such ecological processes as colonization of new habitats and expansion of alien plants. The seedling germination and seed extraction methods were used to determine seed abundance in the soil layer, the inner layer, and in the lining of 9 nests collected in three types of agricultural landscape: the first with domination of arable fields; the second with similar shares of arable fields and other landscape elements such as meadows of different types, shrubs, tree clumps and rushes; and the third with domination of lowland hay meadows. In all the nests, considerable numbers of diaspores were found (from 26 to 371 seeds per nest, belonging to more than 80 taxa). The main plant groups found in the nests are species connected with field roads, weeds and ruderal species, but also meadow and brushwood species were found there. The soil was gathered by birds from habitats with low vegetation cover and large areas of bare soil. Although the structure of seed pool of nests suggests that soil was mainly collected in the close vicinity of the nests’ future location, this mechanism of seed dispersal can probably be involved in long distance dispersal. Seeds of two rare kenophytes: Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O. E. Schulz and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC were found in the material of nests localized more than 100 m away from their closest populations. It can be assumed that this mechanism of seed dispersal can play a potential role in the expansion of alien plants and colonisation of new habitats.
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