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Phytosulfokine-α (PSK-α) (H-Tyr(SO3H)-Ile-Tyr(SO3H)-Thr-Gln- OH) (I), a sulfated growth factor universally found in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, strongly promotes proliferation of plant cells in culture. The C-terminal truncated analog named PSK-β (Tyr(SO3H)-Ile-Tyr(SO3H)-Thr) (II) showed a 10-fold lower activity than that of the parent pentapeptide. Because PSK-α promotes proliferation and differentiation during the plant growth we undertook the studies on the influence of PSK-α on plant defense mechanisms in that period. In present studies on PSK-α (I), PSK-β (II), and its analogues, we performed a search of another biological properties. The aim of our investigation was evaluation of PSK-α, PSK-β and their selected analogues in relation to growth and development of plant pathogens, such as Phoma narcissi and Botrytis tulipae. In these studies we elaborated the synthesis of PSK-α or PSK-β and their 22 analogues modified by natural and non-natural amino acid residues. Peptides were synthesized by the solid phase method according to the Fmoc procedure on a Wang-resin. Free peptides were released from the resin by 95% TFA in the presence of EDT. Biological effect of these peptides was evaluated by test on the growth and development of pathogens of P. narcissi and B. tulipae.
Red colouration of tissues occurs as a result of mechanical injuries to petals of Hippeastrum hybr. hort. cv. Winter Carnival or their infection by Phoma narcissi. Microscopic study recorded red pigment formation following mechanical injuries or pathogenic infection of white petals. For comparison, localization of anthocyanins in natural red petals of cv. Red Lion was determined. Red pigment, formed in white petals mechanically injured or infected by Phoma narcissi, is different than anthocyanins.
Tropolone and hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin) that are present in heartwood of several Cupressaceae trees are known for their antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal properties. In the present studies it was showed that tropolone and hinokitiol greatly inhibited in vitro, on PDA medium, the mycelium growth of Phoma narcissi, a pathogen of Hippeastrum and other species of family Amaryllidaceae. Total inhibition of the mycelium growth of Phoma narcissi took place at a tropolone concentration of 6.0 µg·cm⁻³ and at a hinokitiol concentration of 50.0 µg·cm⁻³. Fungicidal doses of tropolone and hinokitiol for the mycelium growth of Phoma narcissi were also documented. The results presented in this paper are discussed with data available in literature on the antifungal action of tropolone and hinokitiol on other species of pathogenic fungi.
Various organs of Hippeastrum infected by Phoma narcissi, infested with mite, Steneotarsonemus laticeps or mechanically wounded, produce red pigment on the surface of injured tissues. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of salicylic (SA) and acetylsalicylic acids (ASA) (inhibitors of biosynthesis of jasmonates and ethylene) on red pigment formation in wounded scales of bulbs of Hippeastrum and on the mycelium growth of P. narcissi in vivo and in vitro. SA and ASA at a concentration of 1 and 2 mM partially inhibited the formation of red pigment in wounded scales, first of all in first 2 days after treatment. The growth and development of P. narcissi on basal plate and scales of longitudinally cut Hippeastrum bulb treated with SA and ASA (1 and 2 mM) was similar as in control. SA (50 µg·cm⁻³) and ASA (250 µg·cm⁻³) inhibited the mycelium growth of P. narcissi on PDA medium, and concentration of 1000 µg·cm⁻³ of both almost totally inhibited the mycelium growth of the pathogen. Inhibitory effect of SA and ASA on the formation of red pigment in wounded scales of Hippeastrum may be caused by lowered biosynthesis and accumulation of jasmonates.
New biological properties of selected insect peptides are presented. The subjects of the investigation included insect oostatic peptides, like Neb-colloostatin (I) and Neb-TMOF(II), and/or insect peptides with antiviral or antitumor activity, such as alloferon (III) and its analogues modified at position 1 of the peptide chain. In the study was also included the oligopeptide Any-GS (VII) and its truncated analogues. The peptides were tested for antimicrobial activity on a series of bacterial species, antiviral activity against Human Herpes Virus type 1 (HHV-1) in vitro using a Vero cell line, and the growth and development of plant pathogens Phoma narcissi and Botrytis tulipae. The results of the biological investigations indicate that among the peptides investigated, compounds VII and IX inhibit the growth of plant pathogens P. narcissi and B. tulipae, whereas compounds I and II stimulate the mycelium growth of the aforementioned pathogens. Other peptides show slow antimicrobial activity but do not inhibit the replication of HHV-1 in Vero cells.
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