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Phalaenopsis is one of the world’s most popular and important epiphytic monopodial orchids. The extraordinary floral diversity of Phalaenopsis is a reflection of its evolutionary success. As a consequence of this diversity, and of the complexity of flower color development in Phalaenopsis, this species is a valuable research material for developmental biology studies. Nevertheless, research on the molecular mechanisms underlying flower color and floral organ formation in Phalaenopsis is still in the early phases. In this study, we generated large amounts of data from Phalaenopsis flowers by combining Illumina sequencing with differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis. We obtained 37 723 and 34 020 unigenes from petals and labella, respectively. A total of 2736 DEGs were identified, and the functions of many DEGs were annotated by BLAST-searching against several public databases. We mapped 837 up-regulated DEGs (432 from petals and 405 from labella) to 102 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Almost all pathways were represented in both petals (102 pathways) and labella (99 pathways). DEGs involved in energy metabolism were significantly differentially distributed between labella and petals, and various DEGs related to flower color and floral differentiation were found in the two organs. Interestingly, we also identified genes encoding several key enzymes involved in carotenoid synthesis. These genes were differentially expressed between petals and labella, suggesting that carotenoids may influence Phalaenopsis flower color. We thus conclude that a combination of anthocyanins and/or carotenoids determine flower color formation in Phalaenopsis. These results broaden our understanding of the mechanisms controlling flower color and floral organ differentiation in Phalaenopsis and other orchids.
We wrześniu 2009 roku, w komercyjnych uprawach szklarniowych falenopsis (Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana) w województwie łódzkim obserwowano nietypowe objawy chorobowe występujące na okołp 15% roślin. Na liściach 7. miesięcznych roślin występowały duże, brązowe, zapadnięte plamy otoczone żółtą, uwodnioną tkanką. Z pogranicza symptomatycznej tkanki pobierano próbki, z których wyizolowano na pożywkach King B i agar odżywczy bakterie, tworzące niewielkich rozmiarów płaskie kolonie koloru białego, o regularnych brzegach. Bakterie były gramujemne, wywoływały reakcję nadwrażliwości na tytoniu i nie posiadały właściwości pektynolitycznych w teście na ziemniaku. Analiza sekwencji fragmentu genu 16S rDNA, wybranych cech fenotypowych i testy patogeniczności na zdrowych roślinach Phalaenopsis pozwoliła na stwierdzenie, że czynnikiem sprawczym bakteryjnej brązowej plamistości jest Acidovorax cattleyae.
The production costs force the orchids growers to look for media that could become an alternative for the basic ones. Phalaenopsis plants (ex in vitro) were planted into containers filled with different media: New Zealand sphagnum moss, mixture of expanded clay pellets and New Zealand sphagnum moss (v:v = 1:1) and expanded clay pellets. Originally, orchids were grown in translucent plastic pots of 7 cm diameter (8,5 months) and then, they were transferred to translucent plastic pots of 11 cm diameter and 0.5 dm3 capacity. Effect of medium on the size of plant, hydratation of leaves tissue and flowering was evaluated. Orchids grown in New Zealand sphagnum moss create a significantly greater mass of the aboveground plant part and the roots. Also parameters characterizing the inflorescence and flowers indicate that the most favorable for the orchids is to grow them in sphagnum moss. The least favorable growth conditions were provided by the growing in expanded clay pellets without any additions. In this medium, only 25 to 35% of plants flowered.
Effect of growing media on macro- and microelements, as well as on chlorophyll concentration in Phalaenopsis orchids were investigated. In the years 2006–2008, an experiment on Phalaenopsis orchids cultivation was carried out. The plants were planted into New Zealand sphagnum moss, mixture of expanded clay pellets and New Zealand sphagnum moss (v:v = 1:1), or into expanded clay pellets only. Orchids were grown in translucent plastic pots. Total macro and micro elements concentration in leaves and roots were determined. Furthermore concentrations of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in leaves and roots were measured. Growing media exert a significant influence on the nutritional status of Phalaenopsis orchids. The highest concentration of magnesium, iron and copper was found in plants grown in expanded clay, less in orchids grown in the mixed medium and the least in plants grown in sphagnum moss. A higher concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and manganese was found in leaves. Inversely, in roots, there was a higher concentration of magnesium, iron and zinc. Growing media did not affect chlorophyll concentration in leaves and roots of Phalaenopsis.
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