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The mangrove fungi, morphologically and physiologically adapted in a different habitat, were isolated from mangrove habitat of Jharkhali, Sundarban, India. The physico-chemical properties like temperature, pH, soil colour, moisture content, carbon and nitrogen content of soil determines the load of microbial population. The soil sample was serially diluted and plated on potato dextrose agar plate with ampicillin to obtain fungal isolates. Total of six isolates were characterized microscopically by lacto phenol cotton blue staining. Two of them were identified as Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. and are subjected to biodegradation of fish scale, the major waste of fish processing industries. Aspergillus niger was found to be the best for degradation of fish scale powder by producing zone of clearance. Moreover, media without fish scale didn’t show any zone of clearance indicates the mangrove fungi are capable of degrading the fish scale component.
School buildings typically serve a number of functions simultaneously, owing to which they seem to be especially exposed to the expansion of fungi with wide enzymatic capabilities, including fungi of the genus Penicillium. In total, 34 isolates belonging to 20 species were obtained within two schools. The most frequently isolated species included: Penicillium chrysogenum, P. waksmanii, and P. citrinum. Over 65% more fungi were isolated in the heating season than when the heating was off. This period was also characterized by an almost threefold greater taxonomic spectrum. Especially in the heating season, the prevalence and species spectrum of the fungi of the Penicillium genus in school buildings should be constantly monitored due to their environmental plasticity as well as toxigenic, allergenic and antibiotic properties.
Do niebezpiecznych substancji pochodzenia biologicznego spotykanych w żywności należą mikotoksyny. Są one produktami wtórnego metabolizmu grzybów strzępkowych. Charakteryzują się wysoką szkodliwością dla ludzi, zwierząt, jak również roślin wyższych. Mogą one być przyczyną ostrych zatruć, wykazują także silne właściwości mutagenne, kancerogenne, teratogenne i estrogenne. Spośród znanych obecnie grzybów strzępkowych, większość szczepów toksynotwórczych należy do trzech rodzajów: Aspergillus, Pénicillium i Fusarium. Mikotoksyny wyizolowano ze środków spożywczych głównie pochodzenia roślinnego, tj. zbóż i ich przetworów, jak również pochodzenia zwierzęcego, w tym mięsa i mleka.
Fifty four mould strains (32 Aspergillus and 22 Penicillium) isolated from clinical materials were tested using dilution method. Two test media were used: Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) and Czapek Dox (CD). The following drugs were tested: amorolfine, cyclopirox, itraconazole, and terbinafine. In the dilution method, the drugs were tested at four contrentrations: 0.1 mg/l, 1 mg/l, 10 mg/l, and 100 mg/l. No matter which medium and/or drug was used, terbinafine turned out to be most effective. The drug at a conceatration of 1 mg/l inhibited 88.9% of the strains in the CD medium. The MIC values in the YNB medium varied from 0,1 mg/l through 100 mg/1, however, 50% of the strains were inhibited at 1 mg/l or less. Itraconazole revealed a fairly good in vitro antifungal action, particularly in the CD medium: 77.8% of the strains were inhibited at 10 mg/l or less. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus were most susceptible to itraconazole. The MIC values of cyclopirox amounted to 100 mg/l for all of the strains in the CD medium but not in the YNB where they varied from 1 mg/l to 100 mg/l. Amorolfine was the least effective drug. Most of the strains were inhibited at a concentration of at least 100 mg/l. The findings give evidence that the susceptibility of Aspergillus and Penicillium to the particular drugs is different, and that the results are influenced by the test medium.
An expert program has been developed for users working in industrial laboratories who are not experts in the identification of filamentous fungi. !e database of morphological growth features currently contains 12 species from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium grown under standard conditions. !e identification algorithm implemented in the database takes into account the reliability of users, which can vary over a wide range depending on the identification feature. !e reliability of users was estimated on the basis of a questionnaire survey conducted among 27 non-experts, as the likelihood of a response consistent with the assessment of experts. The program works through comparative analysis of features of the fungus being identified with the expert-developed database and selection of the most likely species among the species represented by reference strains. !e expert program reduces subjective mistakes and may be extended to include further fungal species and genera; it can also be supplemented with chemotaxonomic, genetic and other data.
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