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Hitherto data on ecological relations between terrestrial Parasitengona mites and ants are summarized and supplemented with the characteristics of two observed cases, which confirm the specific feeding adaptations of some Erythraeidae. Altogether, 21 species representing six Parasitengona families have been recorded as displaying permanent, temporary or accidental relationship with ants. Of those only the parasitic larvae of Forania mentonensis (André, 1929), F. sendrai Mayoral et Barranco, 2010, Makolia crimeaensis Saboori, Khaustov et Hakimitabar, 2009, Leptus clarki Southcott, 1989 and L. debeauforti (Oudemans, 1905) may be regarded as specialists. The verified diagnosis of M. crimeaensis, based on the material originating from Crimea (Ukraine) is proposed.
Balaustium murorum (Hermann, 1804) is redescribed. Characteristics of active postlarval forms and first characteristics of larvae, supplemented with data on biology of the species, are provided. Female of B. murorum, from which larvae were obtained by experimental rearing, has been designated as neotype. Key characters, hitherto used by different authors in order to distinguish between members of Balaustium are discussed. Seventeen species known from larvae are presently assigned to Balaustium, at the total number of 41 members of the genus known worldwide.
The existing body of knowledge regarding the Trombiculidae of Poland is summarized and supplemented with the results of our recent studies. Although around 3000 nominal species are known worldwide, only18 have been recorded in Poland. Due to the medical and veterinary importance of parasitic larvae, and the complex life cycle which presents difficulties in finding habitats occupied by postlarval forms, most species have been described exclusively from their larvae. This review provides updated information on the host spectrum and distribution of all the trombiculid species hitherto recorded in Poland, supplemented with data on their general distribution and biology.
Larvae of Camerotrombidium pexatum (C. L. Koch, 1837) and C. rasum (Berlese, 1910) are described; diagnoses of larvae, deutonymphs and adults as well as data on their biology are provided. A female of C. pexatum, from which larvae were obtained by experimental rearing, has been designated as neotype. A revised diagnosis of Camerotrombidium is presented. The following new synonymies are proposed: Camerotrombidium rasum (Berlese, 1910) (= Compsothrombium absaloni Haitlinger, 1998) and Camerotrombidium pexatum (Koch, 1837) (= Compsothrombium luciolae Haitlinger, 1998). Data on habitat preferences, phenology, development timing and parasitic associations of larvae are given.
The modern classification of trombiculid mites from the family Trombiculidae (Acariformes: Parasitengona) is briefly reviewed on the subfamily and tribe level based on the larval characters. Some taxonomical and evolutionary aspects are briefly discussed. The family Trombiculidae is divided into four subfamilies: Leeuwenhoekiinae — Apoloniinae — Trombiculinae — Gahrliepiinae, from which Leeuwenhoekiinae should be placed at the base and Gahrliepiinae at the top of phylogenetic tree. Host-parasite relationships of trombiculid larvae are examined from the point of view that host-parasite specificity is low in trombiculids. Some physiological questions with respect to the realization of the life strategy of trombiculids are considered.
Abrolophus schweizeri (Evans, 1952) comb. nov. is redescribed basing on holotype. Diagnosis and description are supplemented with standard measurements, not considered in original paper. Morphological structures, not included in original description, are figured. The taxonomic status of the species is discussed.
A redescription of Leptus phalangii (De Geer, 1778) (= L. nemorum (C. L. Koch, 1836), syn. nov., = L. beroni Fain, 1991, syn. nov.) based on adults, deutonymphs and larvae, is supplemented with data on life cycle and ecology of the species. Larvae of L. phalangii developed, under laboratory conditions, into deutonymphs of L. nemorum, species hitherto known only from active postlarval forms. A field-collected female of L. phalangii is designated as the neotype.
Rearing of larvae from eggs deposited by adults in laboratory proved Pilosoma pluto Southcott, 1961 (based on larva) and Fessonia papillosa (Hermann, 1804) (based on adult) to be conspecific. Clipeosoma, Southcott, 1961 (larva) and Hirstiosoma (Berlese, 1887) (adult) are congeneric. The validity of Hirstiosoma latreillei (Grandjean, 1947) is confirmed, the larva of Hirstiosoma, ampulligera Berlese, 1887 is described for the first time. Data on egg development and nutrition of postlarval instars are provided. Causal reasoning for the exclusion of Phanolophinae from Smarididae is provided.
Allothrombium meridionale Berlese, 1910 is redescribed based on type material originating from Italy and specimens collected in Mosel Valley, Germany. Characteristics of larvae, deutonymphs and adults are provided. Data on habitat specificity and phenology of the species as well as on developmental time of larvae are given. Morphological abnormalities have been observed under laboratory conditions in larvae which hatched from eggs not exposed to lower temperatures, contrary to larvae that hatched from eggs after chilling. Larvae of Allothrombium triticium Zhang, 1995 sensu Goldarazena and Zhang (1997), reported from Spain, are considered to represent A. meridionale. An identification key to species of Allothrombium, including central European members of the genus known from adults and world species known from larvae is provided. Phanolophus oedipodarum (Frauenfeld, 1868), is new to the fauna of Germany.
Corrections and additions are provided to the checklist of nominal taxa of terrestrial Parasitengona mites published by Mąkol and Wohltmann (2012).
The data on host-parasite associations between Hemiptera and terrestrial Parasitengona mites are summarized and supplemented with new records. The species names of parasitic mites are verified according to the most recent data. Altogether, representatives of 26 parasitengone genera are known to parasitize bugs. The systematics of the hemipteran hosts is provided in the form of appendix.
Trischidothrombium discrepans (Willmann, 1950) is redescribed basing on postlarval instars. The larva of the genus is described for the first time. Data on habitat specificity and phenology of the species as well as on larval developmental time are given. A female, from which larvae were obtained by experimental rearing, has been designated as neotype. The distribution of the genus, hitherto known from Austria and Hungary, is extended for Poland. The phylogenetic position of Trischidothrombium within the Microtrombidiidae is discussed.
Adult and larva of Echinothrombium rhodinum (C.L. Koch, 1837) are redescribed. The neotype is designated basing on female from which larvae were obtained by experimental rearing. Diagnoses of adults, deutonymphs and larvae are provided. The taxonomic position of the genus Echinothrombium Womersley, 1937 is discussed. The phenology, life cycle, development and parasitism of E. rhodinum are characterized.
Adult and larva of Dactylothrombium pulcherrimum (Haller, 1882) are redescribed. The neotype is designated basing on female from which larvae were obtained by experimental rearing. Diagnoses of adults, deutonymphs and larvae are provided. The taxonomic position of the genus Dactylothrombium Feider, 1952 is discussed. The phenology, life cycle, development and parasitism of D. pulcherrimum are characterized.
The adult and deutonymph oi Microtrombidium pusillum (Hermann, 1804) are redescribed; the heteromorphic larva reared in laboratory is described for the first time. The taxonomic status of the genus is revised; diagnoses of all active instars are provided. The neotype is designated basing on the female from which larvae have been obtained by experimental rearing. Megophthrombium Mullen and Vercammen-Grandjean, 1978, Phlebotrombium Fain and Baker, 1993 and Crinitrombium Southcott, 1994 are considered subjective junior synonyms of Microtrombidium Haller, 1882. Larvae hitherto described as Microtrombidium do not belong to this genus; their generic status is discussed. Alexothrombium gen. nov. based on Microtrombidium baerti Fain and Grootaert, 1993 as type species and Parawillungella gen. nov. based on Microtrombidium nitidum Southcott, 1994 as type species are described. The phenology, life cycle and parasitism of M. pusillum are discussed and compared with adequate data for other Microtrombidiidae.
Platytrombidium fasciatum (C. L. Koch, 1836) and Atractothrombium sylvaticum (C. L. Koch, 1835) are redescribed. Characteristics of larvae, deutonymphs and adults as well as the data on biology are provided. The status of Atractothrombium Feider, 1952, earlier synonymized with Platytrombidium Thor, 1936, is restored, based on the characters discovered in larvae and postlarval forms. The revised diagnoses of both genera are proposed. Data on habitat specificity, phenology, developmental times and parasitic associations of larvae are given. Females of P. fasciatum and A. sylvaticum from which larvae were obtained by experimental rearing, are designated as neotypes. Platytrombidium ornatum (Kramer, 1896) syn. nov., P. insulanum (Oudemans, 1901) syn. nov., P. vagabundium (Berlese, 1903) syn. nov., P. trispinum (Berlese, 1910) syn. nov., P. quadrispinum (Berlese, 1910) syn. nov. and P. albofasciatum (Berlese, 1912) comb. nov. are considered synonyms of Platytrombidium fasciatum (C. L. Koch, 1836). Atractothrombium simulans (Berlese, 1910) comb. nov. and Cylindrothrombium arnolfi Haitlinger, 1998 syn. nov. are considered synonyms of Atractothrombium sylvaticum (C. L. Koch, 1835). Thrombidium [sic!] tectocervix (Oudemans, 1903) (originally described as Hydrarachna [!]) is transferred to Atractothrombium. Platytrombidium belairense Gabryś, 1999 syn. nov. is regarded as objective junior synonym of Foliotrombidium ornatum Womersley, 1945. Generic affiliation of Empitrombium littorale (Michener, 1946) and E. dictyostracum (Vercammen-Grandjean and Cochrane, 1974) is maintained. Cylindrothrombium Feider, 1955 is retained a synonym of Platytrombidium Thor, 1936.
The family Johnstonianidae is revised with special reference to its monophyly, and the European Johnstonianinae are evaluated. Complete data including descriptions of larvae and postlarval instars of the following species are provided: Centrotrombidium schneiden Kramer, 1896, Diplothrombium longipalpe (Berlese, 1887), D. carpaticum (Štorkan, 1938), Johnstoniana errans (Johnston, 1852), J. eximia (Berlese, 1910), J. parva Wendt, Wohltmann, Eggers et Otto, 1994 and J. rapax Wendt et Eggers, 1994. Diplothrombium wittei sp. nov. is described from the adult instar, D. creticum sp. nov. and D. rackae sp. nov. are described from larvae. Neotypes of Centrotrombidium schneideri Kramer, 1896, Diplothrombium carpaticum (Štorkan, 1938) and Johnstoniana errans (Johnston, 1852) are designated. Additional data on ecological requirements, geographical distribution, life cycle and feeding of particular instars are given. Tabular keys to world genera and species of Johnstonianinae are provided.
A series of larvae of Podothrombium reared in laboratory culture was subject to morphometric analysis. Larvae were assigned to P. filipes (C. L. Koch, 1837) a species known hitherto only from postlarval instars. An array of anomalies in the chaetotaxy of various body regions was discovered. The results make it possible to re-consider the taxonomic suitability of some characters commonly used in diagnosing larvae of Podothrombium.
The larva of Enemothrombium bifoliosum (Canestrini, 1884) is described for the first time. Postlarval instars are redescribed and the neotype is designated. Diagnoses of adults, deutonymphs and larvae for Enemothrombium Berlese, 1910 and Valgothrombium Willmann, 1940 are provided. Parafeiderium culicoidium Vercammen-Grandjean et Cochrane, 1974 is transferred to Enemothrombium. Parafeiderium stuarti Baker, 1999 is transferred to Valgothrombium. Parafeiderium Vercammen-Grandjean et Cochrane, 1974 is considered a junior synonym of Enemothrombium Berlese, 1910. Lacinitrombium Southcott, 1994 and Furcotrombium Southcott, 1994 are synonymized with Valgothrombium. As a result, four new combinations arose: Enemothrombium culicoidium (Vercammen-Grandjean et Cochrane, 1974), comb, nov., Valgothrombium fluminis (Michener, 1946), comb, nov., Valgothrombium spasiscutum (Robaux, 1974), comb. nov. and Valgothrombium stuarti (Baker, 1999), comb. nov. Data about phenology, life cycle, development and parasitism of E. bifoliosum are reported. The phylogenetic position of Enemothrombium within Microtrombidiidae is discussed.
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