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Fishborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT), infecting humans and mammals worldwide, are reviewed and options for control discussed. Fifty nine species belonging to 4 families, i.e. Opisthorchiidae (12 species), Echinostomatidae (10 species), Heterophyidae (36 species) and Nanophyetidae (1 species) are listed. Some trematodes, which are highly pathogenic for humans such as Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, O. felineus are discussed in detail, i.e. infection status in humans in endemic areas, clinical aspects, symptoms and pathology of disease caused by these flukes. Other liver fluke species of the Opisthorchiidae are briefly mentioned with information about their infection rate and geographical distribution. Intestinal flukes are reviewed at the family level. We also present information on the first and second intermediate hosts as well as on reservoir hosts and on habits of human eating raw or undercooked fish.
The organisation of the neuromuscular system in cercariae, metacercariae and adult Opisthorchis felineus was studied. The patterns of nerves immunoreactive (IR) to antibodies towards serotonin (5-HT) and FMRFamide are described in relation to the musculature, stained with TRITC-conjugated phalloidin. The general organisation of the musculature in the body wall, suckers, pharynx, intestine and sphincter of the excretory pore remains the same from the larval stages to the adult worms. However, the diameter of the individual muscle fibres increases distinctly in the adult worms. The general pattern of 5-HT IR fibres in cercariae, metacercariae and adult O. felineus remains the same. Despite the large increase in body size, the number of 5-HT IR neurones remains almost the same in the cercariae and metacercariae and only a modest increase in number of neurones was observed in the adult worms. Thus the proportion of 5-HT IR neurones/body mass is greatest in the actively moving cercariae. Anti-FMRFamide stains the nervous system strongly.
A parasitological survey of 396 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) from the Principat d'Andorra, 34 Spanish provinces and Serra da Malcata (Portugal) was carried out to evaluate the fluke status of this wild canid in the Iberian Peninsula. Special attention was devoted to the epidemiological role of this canid in maintaining the potential zoonotic distomatosis. Four fluke species were detected: adults of Brachylaima sp., Alaria alata, Opistorchis felineus and Metorchis bilis. Seventeen foxes (4.3%) were infected by at least one of these digeneans. All flukes with an aquatic life cycle were found mainly (26.9%) in a delimited zone (called zone A), characterised by high amount surface water, with A. alata being the most prevalent species (19.2%). Metorchis bilis is more frequently and widely distributed throughout Iberia than O. felineus. Since both flukes have a very similar life cycle, this might be the result of a distinct distribution pattern of their appropriate snails. This study shows that a relatively large natural focus of potential zoonotic flukes (zone A) is located in central Iberia, near the boundary of Portugal with Spain.
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