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Some probabilistic properties of surf parameter

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Sediment cores from lakes and reservoirs can be used to estimate sediment yields. In proglacial lakes, the bed sediment typically accumulates as varves, reflecting changes in seasonal and annual sedimentation. This report compares the results from two different methods of measuring suspended sediment transport in a Norwegian glacial river and lake. Sediment yields obtained from a study of sediment cores in the proglacial lake Nigardsvatn along with measurements of the delta topset were compared with a 25-year record of sediment transport based on automatic water sampling and water discharge measurements at a monitoring station at the inflowing river. During the period from 1980 to 2005, analyses of sediment cores taken from the lake bed along with measurements and grain size distribution analysis of the delta indicated that a volume of 175,670 to 202,697 m3 was deposited in the lake Nigardsvatn and corresponding river delta. The year 1980 was selected as a convenient starting point because a large-magnitude flood with a 100-year recurrence interval occurred at the end of 1979, leaving an easily recognizable sediment layer and accurate reference point. Sediment cores were taken at a total of 24 locations throughout the lake and 25 locations in the delta. The densities of the sediment cores were found to vary between 1.3 and 1.5 g/cm3 during the period examined in this study, giving a total suspended sediment load of between 175,670 and 202,697 tons. The measurements carried out at the sediment station in the glacier melt-water river gave a value of 294,800 tons during the same period. A final value of 211,100 tons is calculated from the monitoring station results after deduction of the sediment fraction which passes through the lake without being deposited. This gives a discrepancy between the two methods of 8,403 to 35,430 tons (4–20%). This can be partially attributed to the difficulties of measuring the water discharge in the unstable glacier meltwater river. In conclusion, sediment cores may be used to extrapolate or correct measurements from sediment monitoring stations over longer periods but caution should be made when considering single years.
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The aim of this paper was to analyse and compare states of Norwegian and Polish dairy markets in last years, as well examine their prospects. The study was based on FAO, Statistics Norway, Central Statistical Office of Poland, MarketLine industries profile data for period 2009-2014 and it included following issues: market data of volume and value, its forecast, category and geographic segmentation, market shares and distribution channels. There also reviewed profiles of leading companies, as well was analysed Porter’s five forces driving of those markets. Norwegian market is smaller than Polish seven times in terms of volume and with but only twice smaller in terms of value. Norwegian dairy market is oligopolistic while Polish is highly competitive.
Stratigraphic play based exploration approach facilitates the development of reservoir prediction models and prospect generation. The present study is carried out along the southern margin of the Loppa High within Hammerfest Basin, Barents Sea, Norway in order to identify the reservoir quality sand in Early Cretaceous age formations along the slope of the high. In this study 2D seismic lines; in which 8 lines are dip and 1 line is strike, and well logs data are interpreted. Outcome is a low-risk exploration technique that is capable of correctly predicting reservoir zones. The stratigraphic trap is identified in the Knurr and Kolje Formations of Adventdalen group, which act as source and seal rock for reservoir respectively. Three stratigraphic surfaces including base of Knurr Formation (sequence boundary), top of Knurr Formation, and Kolje Formation (maximum flooding surface) make a perfect trap for hydrocarbon accumulation. By utilizing the common risk segment analyses, it was identified that the maximum chances of hydrocarbon accumulation are in reservoir zone A and B which lies in up-dip direction.
The Eurasian beaver Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 deposit castor fluid (castoreum) and/or anal gland secretion at scent mounds in their territory year round. We investi­gated the hypothesis that during winter Eurasian beavers may intensify use of scent, in year round ice-free water systems, during the breeding season. This study showed that the median number of scent marks in 7 territories increased significant ly in the breeding (January-March 1996}, compared to the nonbreeding portion of winter (October- -Decemher 1995), which is consistent with our prediction. The median number of scent marks was significantly higher during February, compared to January and March. This may be due to females approaching or being in oestrous in our study area during February. Further studies are, however, needed to clarify how information in scent marks are coded and transmitted during the breeding season.
An abnormally long incisor of an adult Eurasian beaver Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 is reported. The animal weighed about 20 kg and was in good condition when shot at 3 years of age. The tooth had grown at an angle in towards the beaver's left eye. Assuming the animal to be 35 months old and total tooth length to be 13.5 cm, then growth rate would have been 0.39 cm per month. This report indicates that beaver can survive despite abnormal growth of one incisor.
High-latitude fjords, very vulnerable to global change, are impacted by their land and ocean boundaries, and they may be influenced by terrestrial water discharges and oceanic water inputs into them. This may be reflected by temporal and spatial patterns in concentrations of biogeochemically important constituents. This paper analyses information relating to the total suspended matter (TSM) concentration in the Porsanger fjord (Porsangerfjorden), which is situated in the coastal waters of the Barents Sea. Water samples and a set of physical data (water temperature, salinity, inherent optical properties) were obtained during two field expeditions in the spring and summer of 2014 and 2015. Bio-optical relationships were derived from these measurements, enabling optical data to be interpreted in terms of TSM concentrations. The results revealed significant temporal variability of TSM concentration, which was strongly influenced by precipitation, terrestrial water discharge and tidal phase. Spatial distribution of TSM concentration was related to the bathymetry of the fjord, dividing this basin into three subregions. TSM concentrations ranged from 0.72 to 0.132 g m−3 at the surface (0–2 m) and from 0.5 to 0.67 g m−3 at 40 m depth. The average mineral fraction was estimated to be 44% at surface and 53% at 40 m.
This paper analyses pollen deposition in Lublin (Poland) and Skien (Norway). The studies were conducted in the years 1999 and 2000 using the gravimetric method and a Durham sampler. The study results varied both between years and cities. 10 more plant taxa were identified in Lublin than in Skien. In Lublin the highest airborne pollen concentrations were recorded in April, whereas in Skien in May and July. Betula, Pinaceae and Poaceae were the dominant taxa at the sampling site in Poland, while in Norway these were Pinaceae, Betula and Urtica. During the period of two years, annual pollen sums for most taxa were higher in the conditions of Poland, and the maximum pollen concentrations of Betula and Poaceae were higher in Poland, while for Pinaceae the pollen counts were higher in Norway.
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