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Clusters of gastropod egg capsules, inferred to be of neritoids and attached to the inner shell wall of the ultimate whorl of a large volutid gastropod, are here recorded from the upper Nekum Member (Maastricht Formation; late Maastrichtian) of the ENCI−Heidelberg Cement Group quarry, St Pietersberg (Maastricht, southeast Netherlands). Because the aragonitic shell of the volutid has dissolved, the outlines of the egg capsules are now revealed on the steinkern of indurated biocalcarenite, having been subsequently overgrown by cheilostome bryozoan colonies and preserved as mould bioimmurations. This represents the first example of gastropod eggs preserved through bioimmuration, as well as the first record of gastropod eggs from the Cretaceous.
An explorative field study was conducted to assess residential exposure to pesticides, regularly applied in bulb farming. House dust floor samples were taken from homes of bulb farmers (n = 12) and from homes in close proximity to a bulb field (i.e. non-farmers) (n = 15). Samples were analysed for 7 pesticides used by bulb growers in the sampling period. Of these pesticides, chloropropham, flutolanil and vinchlozolin could be detected in non-farmers homes. All pesticides were detected in farmers' homes, except metamitron. Median concentrations for chloropropham were significantly higher in farmers' homes (0.05 vs. 0.20 µg/m2, p = 0.03). Logistic regression analyses showed that the odds for detecting pesticides were higher in farmers' compared to non-farmers' homes and remained higher after correction for potential confounders. Results showed no significant effect of proximity of a residence to a bulb field for median concentrations of pesticides; however, logistic regression analysis showed a borderline statistically significant effect for detecting chloropropham above the detection limit (OR = 10, p = 0.08). These findings demonstrate that, as expected, risk of exposure is higher for bulb farmers than for non-farmers. They also indicate that exposure to pesticides is not limited to bulb farmers only, and this warrants further investigation.
Gram-negative anaerobic rods isolated in The Netherlands and Poland from extraintestinal and intestinal sources were identified as Bacteroides fragilis (n = 210) on the basis of Gram staining, growth on selective Bacteroides Bile Esculine medium as black colonies, and biochemical characteristics. PCR-mediated assessment of the presence of the B. fragilis enterotoxin (fragilysin) gene in all strains identified 12 so-called enterotoxin-positive B. fragilis (ETBF) strains (15%) among the Dutch strains and 16 ETBF among the Polish strains (13%). NotI Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis revealed that these strains are genetically heterogeneous. Among the Dutch strains an identical pair and a set of four indiscriminate strains were identified. This suggests that limited nosocomial spread of ETBF can be observed. However, there was no identity obeserved when strains from The Netherlands were compared to their Polish counterparts. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that one Polish strain isolated from a patient with antibiotic associated diarrhoeae (AAD) was simultaneously highly resistant to clindamycin and cefoxitin (MIC >256 mg/L). Two other strains appeared to be clindamycin resistant. All resistant strains had different PFGE patterns, suggesting that resistance development occurred at independent occassions.
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires all inland and coastal waters to reach “good ecological status” by 2015. The good ecological status of shallow lakes can be characterised by clear water dominated by submerged vegetation. The ecological response of shallow lakes on nutrients largely depends on morphological and hydrological features, such as water depth, retention time, water level fl uctuations, bottom type, fetch etc. These features determine the “critical nutrient load” of a lake. When the actual nutrient load of a lake is higher than the critical nutrient load, the ecological quality of this lake will deteriorate, resulting in a turbid state dominated by algae. Climate change might lead to changes in both environmental factors and ecosystem response. This certainly will have an effect on the ecological status. As an illustration the results of a multidiscipline study of a shallow peaty lake (Loenderveen) are presented, including hydrology, geochemistry and ecology. Ground- and surface water fl ows, nutrient dynamics and ecosystem functioning have been studied culminating in an application of the ecological model of the lake (PCLake). Future scenarios were implemented through changing precipitation, evaporation and temperature. Climate change will lead to higher nutrient loads and lower critical nutrient loads. As a consequence lakes shift easier from clear water to a turbid state.
The authors in the article presented information on the possibility of separating rainwater from municipal sewage and the possibilities of its re-use. They based their considerations on the experience of municipalities in the European Union (EU), the Dutch one in particular. The choice of the Dutch municipality of Apeldoorn was not coincidental. Apeldoorn has the highest rainfall level in all of the Netherlands. What is more, The Netherlands is one of those European countries that is highly advanced in water management. This is due to the fact that it is a small country with a very dense population, which must deal with the distribution of water resources for very populated municipalities. Moreover, 50% of this country is situated below the sea level, which causes problems with excess water in coastal provinces. The Dutch are therefore trying to manage water using all technical and legal possibilities. This article presents some solutions related to the separation of rainwater from municipal sewage and the financial possibilities offered by the municipality of Apeldoorn. The authors also shortly presented history of the use of rainwater, including Polish experiences. The authors applied research methods based on examination of documents in the municipality of Apeldoorn and interviewed municipal employees responsible for the project of separation rainwater from sewage.
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of infection with gastrointestinal parasites in Polish Konik horses from Poland and those imported from the Netherlands. The prevalence and rate of infection was determined based on coproscopic examination using Willis-Schlaf and Mc-Master methods. Faecal samples were tested for the presence of Cryptosporidium sp. using a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. Mean prevalence of infection with gastrointestinal parasites in Polish Koniks imported from the Netherlands and those from Poland was 100%. Imported horses were found to harbour nematodes of the family Strongylidae (89.47%) and Cyathostominae (94.74%) as well as Parascaris equorum (5.26%) roundworms. Domestic Polish Koniks were found to harbour Strongylidae (100%) and Cyathostominae (100%) nematodes as well as Cryptosporidium sp. protozoa (2.27%). Domestic horses were more infected with Cyathostominae (865 EPG) and Strongylidae (731 EPG) than horses imported from the Netherlands (739 and 600 EPG, respectively). The study demonstrated that Polish Koniks from Poland and those imported from the Netherlands should be monitored parasitologically because endoparasites may create a major epizootiological problem when these animals are kept in an organic production system.
A nothosaur skull recently discovered from the Lower Muschelkalk (early Anisian) locality of Winterswijk, The Netherlands, represents at only 46 mm in length the smallest nothosaur skull known today. It resembles largely the skull morphology of Nothosaurus marchicus. Differences concern beside the size, the straight rectangular and relative broad parietals, the short posterior extent of the maxilla, the skull proportions, and the overall low number of maxillary teeth. In spite of its small size, the skull can not unequivocally be interpreted as juvenile. It shows fused premaxillae, nasals, frontals, and parietals, a nearly co−ossified jugal, and fully developed braincase elements, such as a basisphenoid and massive epipterygoids. Adding the specimen to an existing phylogenetic analysis shows that it should be assigned to a new species, Nothosaurus winkelhorsti sp. nov., at least until its juvenile status can be unequivocally verified. Nothosaurus winkelhorsti sp. nov. represents, together with Nothosaurus juvenilis, the most basal nothosaur, so far.
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