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The paper describes avian tuberculosis in a captive bred cassowary. A two-and-a-half-year-old bird was obtained by a Polish zoo in 2010 from the Netherlands under conditions compliant with the recommendations of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria. Despite being of small size for the age, the bird appeared healthy and showed no signs of the disease until the day when it was found recumbent in its pen. Later on it was euthanised due to lack of treatment possibilities. Pathological changes typical of avian tuberculosis were found in the liver and spleen. Mycobacterium avium ssp. avium was cultured from both organs.
Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), similarly to other Galliformes, are particularly susceptible to infection by Mycobacterium avium. Peafowl differ from other Galliformes in the clinical image of the infection, with dominating respiratory signs. Occurrence of severe and sustained dyspnoea in peafowl raises suspicion of mycobacteriosis, which, however, is not always easy to confirm. In the cases described here, mycobacteria were detected in direct swabs from the trachea of two individuals, and cultures were conducted on the Löwenstein-Jensen medium. In one individual, no mycobacteria were found in tracheal swabs stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen method, despite the presence of clear clinical signs. The fourth case was a young bird submitted for necropsy. The cause of death was a mechanical trauma, but scarce caseous nodules typical of mycobacteriosis were found in the liver, spleen and lungs. The Mycobacterium avium isolates obtained from those cases were compared using (CCG)4-based PCR. A high similarity of three isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium was observed, two of which were derived from peafowl originating from the same farm, while the isolate from the fourth bird differed significantly and was identified by sequencing as Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
The Mycobacterium avium complex includes Mycobacterium intrecellulare and Mycobacterium avium with four subspecia: M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. hominissuis, M. avium subsp. silvaticum, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. A case of the disease induced by M. avium of indefinite subspecies was recorded in a six-month-old Scimitar-horned oryx calf kept in Gdańsk zoological gardens. The main symptom was a persistant, drug resistant diarrhoea. The calf was euthanized due to progressive emaciation and an unfavourable prognosis. The autopsy showed partially calcified lymphadenitis mesenterica. Moreover, numerous calcified tubercles were found in the organs of the chest and abdominal cavity. A female oryx, the mother of the the calf, was also euthanasied but no lesions were found during the autopsy. The lymphnodes mesenterica of both animals were sent to be examined at a laboratory. In the calf’s samples Mycobacterium avium was recognised. In the female’s limphonodes acid-resistant bacilli were recognized only by bacterioscopy. Neither biological nor culture examination confirmed this diagnosis. The remaining three animals in the herd were examined by an intradermal test, using bovine and avian tuberculin. The result of the tests was positive for avian tuberculin in one case. In the remaining two cases the result for avian tuberculin was uncertain. The decision to euthanize the animals was taken. Euthanasia was performed a year later, after prior approval from the institution supervising the breeding of the Scimitar-horned oryx, an endangered species. The next calf born in the herd, which had not been examined with the tuberculin skin test, was also euthanized. During the autopsy of all four animals tuberculosis-like lesions were found. Laboratory examinations of the samples excluded the presence of the Mycobacterium bovis. Due to limited possibilities of laboratory examination, the presence of Mycobacterium avium was not confirmed.
Цель труда состояла в определении развития инфекции у свиней после экспериментального заражения их перорально высокой дозой Myc. аvium серогип 2 лиоо Мус. intracellulare серотип 8. Аллергические макроскопические и микроскопические исследования провели на 16 каоанчиках возрастом 3 мес., разделенных на 2 равные группы. Животных подвергли убою через 42 и 84 дня от момента заражения тромбовали по 2 свиней из каждой группы. После убоя у всех зараженных свиней подтвердили в лимфатических узлах грыжейки типичные микроскопические и макроскопические изменения, соответственно через 42 и 84 дня эксперимента. Состояние туберкулиновой аллергии отметили на 84 день после заражения только у свиней зараженных Мус. avium серотип 2.
Mycobacterioses are a constant problem in backyard poultry, as well as pet birds. To date, no evidence of direct transmission of atypical bacilli between humans has been demonstrated, but it cannot be ruled out that sick animals can be a source of infection for people in their environment. The aim of the study was to identify mycobacteria isolated from birds with diagnosed mycobacteriosis and to determine the susceptibility of mycobacterial isolates from these animals to antituberculous drugs most commonly used in the treatment of mycobacterial infections in humans. For drug susceptibility tests, drugs such as isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol, ofloxacin, capreomycin, cycloserine and ethionamide were used. A high degree of drug resistance was demonstrated, particularly in Mycobacterium avium. Isolates of Mycobacterium xenopi showed a relatively good susceptibility to the drugs tested. The drug resistance of Mycobacterium genavense has not been determined, but this mycobacterium was identified in ten cases, which is the second most frequent occurrence in the cases studied.
Artykuł prezentuje obecny stan wiedzy nt. wybranych zagrożeń biobezpieczeństwa środowiska produkcji żywności pochodzenia zwierzęcego (wirus grypy ptaków, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, pokarmowe zakażenia wirusowe, Enterobacter sakazakii, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni). Dodatkowo podkreślono rolę samokontroli w działaniach ochronnych przed zanieczyszczeniami środowiska produkcji żywności pochodzenia zwierzęcego. Opisano również metodę impedyme- tryczną do analiz mikrobiologicznych (sygnał pomiaru jest uzależniony od zmian impedancji w podłożu wzrostowym, które są wprost proporcjonalne do ilości drobnoustrojów).
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