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The number, topographic sequence and duration of the moults of the coat of Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 are analysed using wild specimens from collections and albino specimens born and kept in the laboratory. Mice undergo an uninterrupted series of regular moults throughout its life. Each has a typical duration. The juvenile moult is the fastest and in all cases the speed of moulting is unconstant. At first the rate is accelerated but it frequently decelerates, and even pauses, so that some parts of the body, mainly the cephalic area, do not moult. This pause leads to a superposition of waves of different moults with the coexistence of 3 or more coats. The superpositions, revealed by dying the laboratory animals' coats, could be the reason why previous authors have claimed the existence of irregular moults in M. musculus. With the wild specimens, despite the fact that the inner surface of the skin yields less information, moulting patterns, similar to those described in the laboratory specimens, may be detected.
Quantitative scores for 4 behavioural patterns, especially those of an antagonistic nature, were recorded from wild individual of Mus musculus mutsculus Linnaeus, 1758 living in semi-confinement in an outdoor enclosure divided into four pens. The enclosure was "permeable", in that mice were able to move between pens and between the enclosure and the outside. The population was monitored by the capture-mark­-recapture method. In the spring of 1988 and 1989 the behaviour of mice trapped in the enclosure was studied in unisexual encounters in a neutral arena. There were no significant differences in scores for behaviour in relation to the degree of spatial separation of the places of capture of individuals paired together (except in the number of attempts to escape noted for females in 1989 and the total activity noted for males in 1988). Males and females did not differ significantly in scores for aggressive behaviour, but mice were more aggressive and more active in 1989 when the popu­lation in the enclosure was smaller, than in 1988, when it was larger.
The successful raising one young of one female Crocidura f. flavescens by another is reported. Attempts at using C. h. hirta and Myosorex varius as foster parents, and as well as at hand rearing of C. f. flavescens were unsuccessful. An attempt is made to explain the significance of this occurrence.
Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugar, total glycoside and saponin glycosides in high concentration. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of moisture (6.18%), dry matter (93.90%), crude protein (12.06%), crude fibre (15.33%), nitrogen free extract (34.12%), ash (12.28%) and oil (19.21%). Comparative toxicological assessment of orally and intraperitoneally administered aqueous extracts of Abrus precatorius leaf was carried out in Swiss albino mice. Median lethal doses (LD50) of orally and intraperitoneally administered aqueous extracts of Abrus precatorius leaf were estimated at dose levels of 2558.9 mg/kg and 638 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Intraperitoneal 10 mg/kg body weight of the extract caused increased packed cell volume, neutropenia and decreased aspartate aminotransferase. However, 50 mg/kg oral dose caused increased packed cell volume, neutropenia, decreased alkaline phosphatase and hypochloraemia, whereas oral aqueous dose of 250 mg/kg of body weight caused body weight gain, neutropenia, decreased asparatate aminotransferase and alanineaminotransferase. All the test doses caused lymphocytosis and hypercreatinaemia, hence aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius leaf is toxic at dose levels of 10, 50 and 250 mg/kg body weight.
Characteristics of 64 possible tandem trinucleotide repeats (TSSR) from Homo sapiens (hs), Mus musculus (mm) and Rattus norvegicus (rn) genomes are presented. Comparative analysis of TSSR frequency depending on their repetitiveness and similarity of the TSSR length distributions is shown. Comparative analysis of TSSR sequence motifs and association between type of motif and its length (n) using ρ-coefficient method (quantitatively measuring the association between variables in contingency tables) is presented. These analyses were carried out in the context of neurodegenerative diseases based on trinucleotide tandems. The length of these tandems and their relation to other TSSR is estimated. It was found that the higher repetitiveness (n) the lower frequency of trinucleotides tandems. Differences between genomes under consideration, especially in longer than n=9 TSSR were discussed. A significantly higher frequency off A- and T-rich tandems is observed in the human genome (as well as in human mRNA). This observation also applies to mm and rn, although lower abundant in proportion to human genomes was found. The origin of elongation (or shortening) of TSSR seems to be neither frequency nor length dependent. The results of TSSR analysis presented in this work suggest that neurodegenerative disease-related microsatellites do not differ versus the other except the lower frequency versus the other TSSR. CAG occurs with relatively high frequency in human mRNA, although there are other TSSR with higher frequency that do not cause comparable disease disorders. It suggests that the mechanism of TSSR instability is not the only origin of neurodegenerative diseases.
This paper reviews field evidence suggesting that periodic temporary population irruptions of feral house mice Mus musculus in New Zealand have a substantial effect on the reproductive success of stoats Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758. Stoats born during the summer of a peak in numbers of mice are more numerous and have higher fecundity (ovulation rate) but lower productivity (independent offspring per female) and shorter longevity than those born when mice are not abundant. This reversed silver-spoon effect is apparently correlated with intense competition for food within a much larger than usual cohort of young stoats. However, both stoats and mice are introduced in New Zealand, so it is possible that these effects are not natural. The question could be resolved by data demonstrating similar cohort effects in stoats in the northern hemisphere, living in areas with fluctuating vole populations and limited alternative prey.
Housing females in groups prolongs the dioestrous phases in cycling laboratory mice Mus rnusculus Linnaeus, 1758. Olfactory signals play an important role in interaction between females, and the vomeronasal system is involved in mediation of hormonal responses to pheromones. Present results show that removal of the vomero­nasal system (VNX), or bulbectomy (OBX), leads to in decreased numbers of oestrous mice in comparison to non-operated (NON) or sham-operated (SHAM-OBX) singly reared females. Oestrous cyclicity was also affected by social factors. Cohabitation of NON, VNX, OBX or SHAM-OBX females with adult females results in decreased oestrous frequency in comparison to females reared alone. Moreover, VNX females exposed to male bedding inhibited oestrus in comparison to nonexposed VNX animals. The results provide evidence that different external stimuli evoke hormonal responses which are manifested in inhibition of oestrous cycle in female mice.
This paper presents a case study of the chromosomal complement of 16 mice Mus , musculus domesticus Linnaeus, r 1758 from the region near one of the most recent disastrous earthquakes in Italy (named Umbria-Marche 1997), with the aim of ex­amining chromosomal variability among the mice from the seismically active zones. For the present investigation, the sampling sites were chosen in the vicinity of some active faults, supposedly the main earthquake generators in the area. In the three localities, that lie approximately on the fault lines, mice with a reduced chromosomal number (2n = 36 to 39) were trapped. This reduction is due to the presence of three different Robertsonian metacentrics - Rb(9.14), Rb(10.12) and Rb(15.17) - in both the homo­zygous and heterozygous states. Mice trapped in four localities more distant from the fault zone only had the standard karyotype (2n = 40). These results increase the need to analyze in more detail the distribution of karyotypes in relation with active faults.
Skulls of 892 house mice of five species (Mus Linnaeus, 1758), collected from 136 localities across Europe and Morocco, were studied. The analysis revealed that variations in size affected most of the characters considered, indicating a reed to size-adjust- the data. M. domesticus was morphologically the most variable of all the European mice yet this variability was not consistent with the distribution of sub­species domesticus and brevirostris, The population from Albania was distinct within the M. domesticus samples, resembling M. musculus in overall size. In M. musculus, a W-E gradient of size was found in some variables, especially in females, and a sex dimorphism appeared also in populations from western parts of its range. Among 619 mice from 66 samples across the Czech and Slovak Republics and western Ukraine, but not from populations from western Bohemia, only M. musculus was substantiated. In spite of the fact that M. spicilegus and M. macedonicus are genetically and morpho­logically very close, as many as 9 variables (both untransformed and size-adjusted) proved to be different between the two species while M. spretus was found to be morphologically intermediate.
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