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The atricle is devoted to the study of the cultivation of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing, Microcystis pulverea (H.C.Wood) Forti. in the presence of basalt tuff. The possibility of using basalt tuff as an adsorbing material for regulating the number of cyanobacteria and preventing toxic “water bloom” in fluid circuits. The study analyzes the change in the biomass amount and the dynamics of the proportion of dead cyanobacteria in response to the presence of basalt tuff in the culture medium. It is noted that the use of basalt tuff leads to a decrease in the growth activity of cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis pulverea, manifested in an increase in the number of dead cells and slowdown the accumulation of cyanobacterial biomass. These effects are the result of a decrease in the amount of available nitrogen in the nutrient medium.
The occurrence and abundance of Microcystis aeruginosa were monitored monthly in eutrophic pond water of Ilamiyakkinar temple pond from July 2014 to June 2015. Some environmental factors such as water temperature, pH, free carbon-dioxide (FCO2), total alkalinity, Dissolved oxygen (DO2), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO2-N) and phosphate are recorded and their relationship with the bloom formation by Microcystis aeruginosa were discussed. The initiation and persistence of Microcystis aeruginosa were founded to be triggered by relatively high water temperature (24 °C to 36.5 °C), pH (7.3 to 8.72) and NO2-N concentration.
The phenomenon of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) blooms in the Baltic and the surrounding freshwater bodies has been known for several decades.The presence of cyanobacterial toxic metabolites in the Curonian Lagoon has been investigated and demonstrated for the first time in this work (2006–07). Microcystis aeruginosa was the most common and widely distributed species in the 2006 blooms. Nodularia spumigena was present in the northern part of the Curonian Lagoon, following the intrusion of brackish water from the Baltic Sea; this is the first time that this nodularin-(NOD)-producing cyanobacterium has been recorded in the lagoon.W ith the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), four microcystins (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LY, MC-YR) and nodularin were detected in 2006.T he presence of these cyanobacterial hepatotoxic cyclic peptides was additionally confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PP1).Micr ocystin-LR, the most frequent of them, was present in every sample at quite high concentrations (from <0.1 to 134.2 μg dm−3).I n 2007, no cyanobacterial bloom was recorded and cyanotoxins were detected in only 4% of the investigated samples.A comparably high concentration of nodularin was detected in the northern part of the Curonian Lagoon.I n one sample dimethylated MC-RR was also detected (concentration 7.5 μg dm−3).
The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the relationship between environmental factors (temperature; pH; total phosphorus - TP and nitrogen - TN and their ratio) and occurrence of microcystin producing cyanobacteria in two shallow, eutrophic Polish water bodies, Sulejów Reservoir (Central Poland) and Bnińskie Lake (Western Poland). Samples for analyses were collected from June till October 2005. Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii, responsible for microcystins production, were detected respectively for Sulejów Reservoir and Bnińskie Lake. Molecular analysis of the mcyE gene, indicated the presence of toxigenic strains of cyanobacteria in both water bodies throughout the whole sampling period. The highest extracellular microcystins toxicity established by PPIA was 2.83 μg dm-3 and 2.19 μg dm-3 in samples dominated by M. aeruginosa and P. agardhii respectively. Two different environmental factors in studied water bodies were crucial in occurrence of hepatotoxic cyanobacteria. The strong correlation between biomass of M. aeruginosa and total nitrogen (TN) in Sulejów Reservoir (R=0.83; p<0.05) was observed. Strong negative correlation was found between biomass of P. agardhii and temperature (R=-0.77; p<0.05 and R=-0.70; p<0.05) in Bnińskie Lake.
The investigations aimed to determine the impact of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (K¨utz.) K¨utz. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs ex Bornet et Flah., both toxic algae, on the grazing intensity of Daphnia magna Straus. In order to determine the parameter permitting the quantitative determination of the grazing intensity of herbivorous organisms, methods based on the following techniques were applied: microscopy, to determine the degree of gut fullness; spectrophotometry, to determine the levels of chlorophyll a and its degradation products in the food composition; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the content of exogenous and endogenous carotenoids. Each of these methods confirmed that the tested algae species inhibited grazing intensity in D. magna Straus. The most obvious effects were obtained when M. aeruginosa (K¨utz.) K¨utz. was used as food. With these cyanobacteria, the gut fullness indicator did not exceed 58%, and the chlorophyll a content in the digestive system of the tested D. magna was three times lower than that in the control organisms. It seems that the defensive reaction of organisms was a reversible process. However, the possibility of a long-term, sublethal influence of cyanobacteria on the physiology and internal processes of this species cannot be ruled out.
The ethyl acetate fractions of aqueous extracts from two submerged macrophytes Potamogeton malaianus and Potamogeton maackianus were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The allelopathic activities and joint effects of the main components in ethyl acetate fractions on Microcystis aeruginosa were also determined. The results indicated that primary compositions in the ethyl acetate fractions were fatty acids, phenolic acids and hydroxy fatty acids that possessed antialgal activities. The joint effect assay for palmitic acid, benzoic acid and lactic acid showed that the additional effects were observed in the mixed organic acid, namely, the inhibitory effects of mixture groups were stronger than that of each compound alone on the growth of M. aeruginosa.
The effects of six emergent macrophytes (Typha orientalis, Acorus calamus, Oenanthe javanica, Scirpus validus, Sagittaria sagittifolia, and Pontederia cordata) on the growth of two strain Microcystis aeruginosa were studied under co-culture conditions. And the sensitivities of unicellular and colonial Microcystis strains to six emergent macrophytes were compared using an exudation experiment. Based on laboratory experiments, T. orientalis, A. calamus, O. javanica, S. validus, S. sagittifolia, and P. cordata had strong inhibitory effects on growth of unicellular M. aeruginosa, while only A. calamus and P. cordata show obvious growth inhibition on colonial M. aeruginosa. When the biomass density was 20 g FW·L⁻¹, the growth inhibition rate of unicellular M. aeruginosa can exceed 90% for all of the six emergent macrophytes. When macrophytes coexisted with the colonial M. aeruginosa, only A. calamus, P. cordata, and S. sagittifolia showed the growth inhibition of algae. Maximal inhibition of Chl a growth was 75% (p<0.05) for A. calamus, 69% (p<0.05) for P. cordata, and 40% for S. sagittifolia at 45 g FW·L⁻¹ on day 15. The results of the exudation experiment indicated that there were no significant differences between control and treatment of Chl a concentrations of colonial M. aeruginosa for all of the six macrophyte exudations on days 6 and 12. While after 6 d incubation in 100% and 50% macrophyte exudations (40 g FW·L⁻¹), the cell densities of unicellular M. aeruginosa in control were obviously higher than all those in treatment (p < 0.05). The maximal algal growth inhibition (89.62%) of unicellular M. aeruginosa was achieved in 100% exudation of A. calamus on day 6 (p < 0.05). So according to the results of exudation experiments, the unicellular M. aeruginosa was more sensitive than the colonial strain to six emergent macrophytes. And this different sensitivity between Microcystis species probably correlated positively with colony size.
In summer 2007 water samples were collected in three lakes situated in the region of the Great Mazurian Lakes (northeastern Poland) displaying different types of catchment area: Lake Niegocin, Lake Piłwąg and Lake Rekąty. The main objective of this study was to analyze the difference in species composition of cyanobacteria and to determine the concentration of cyanotoxins. Potentially toxic species of cyanobacteria were found to be the dominant species in each sample. Microcystis aeruginosa was dominant in Lake Niegocin, Limnothrix redekei and Planktolyngbya limnetica in Lake Piłwąg, and Planktothrix agardhii in Lake Rekąty. Furthermore, the occurrence of an invasive cyanobacteria species, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, was detected in two lakes, Rekąty and Piłwąg. The toxin concentration in all of the samples did not exceed the guideline value of 5 μg·l-1 recommended by the World Health Organization for recreational waters, which may indicate the dominance of non-toxic strains.
The Vistula Lagoon (southern Baltic Sea) is a shallow and highly eutrophic water body, with frequent blooms of cyanobacteria dominated by Microcystis and Anabaena species. Two Microcystis strains, MK10.10 and MAKR0205, isolated from the lagoon were characterised in this work. The morphology of the isolates differed significantly with respect to cell size and their ability to form aggregates. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence, both isolates were classified as Microcystis aeruginosa. However, only one isolate, MK10.10, possessed the mcy genes responsible for microcystin biosynthesis and only this strain produced microcystins. The effects of environmental factors, such as light, temperature and salinity, on toxin production turned out to be minor. Under the culture conditions used in the experiments, the biomass of the toxic MK10.10 was always lower. Hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-LC/MS/MS) was used to elucidate the structure of the microcystin (MC) variants produced by MK10.10. Based on molecular ion and fragmentation spectra, the toxins were identified as MC-LR, MC-VR and MC- HIlR. Our study confirmed that some morphological criteria could be useful in preliminarily assessing the potential toxicity of a Microcystis bloom.
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