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The first record of bluespotted cornetfish Fistularia commersonii Rüppell, 1835, (Fistulariidae) from the depth of 30 m, caught off the coast of Benghazi, Libya (Southern Mediterranean), is reported herewith.
Tourism is one of the major driving forces behind land use and landscape changes in the coastal Mediterranean. The aim of this study is to analyze the land use changes in relation to coastal tourism developments in the Turkish Mediterranean. Spatial and quantitative inventory of land use changes was delineated by interpreting physical land use data for 1974, 1988, 1990 and 1996 in GIS systems. Study results showed that 816 hectares of agricultural land and 457 hectares of natural coastal forest are converted to tourism-based establishments such as hotels, service buildings and settlements. Degradation of the coastal forests was higher in the beginning of tourism developments, but this trend has become static while constant change on agricultural lands was expected to continue in the coming years. Therefore, it is crucial that tourism development plans be accompanied with a set of ecological, social and economic system for the livelihood of tourism and the operated area.
The diet of the wild boar Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 in a Mediterranean area, where agricultural crops were not available and supplementary food was not provided, is described. Diet was compared to the availability of the main food resources and their influence on body weight and reproduction was investigated from 1991 to 1994. Diet varied according to the availability of energy-rich foods such as acorns and olives; pine-seeds were actively consumed, even when their availability was low. When abundant, acorns and olives accounted for most of the diet, and when scarce were replaced by graminoids and juniper berries. In summer, graminoids and pine-seeds accounted for most of the diet. Acorn and olive production was likely to influence both body weight and reproduction. Following a high production of acorns and olives, wild boar exhibited higher body weight, more breeding females and a larger litter size than in years of poor production of these foods.
The Southern water vole, Arvicola sapidus, is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and France. Despite being catalogued as vulnerable, our current knowledge of this species is not sufficient to establish measures for its conservation and recovery, particularly in riparian zones of Mediterranean mountain areas. The aim of this study was to identify factors related to habitat configuration that determine the presence or absence of the species in the Montsant River. Specifically, we associated the presence/absence of this arvicolid rodent with composition of vegetation, river bank morphology, and watercourse characteristics. The results suggest that, in this area, the most favorable places for the species are those with a high degree of cover of herbaceous plants (mainly helophytes) and moderate to low levels of tree and shrub cover; gently sloping banks and a soft substrate; and the presence of water, with moderate to high stream widths and depths. In addition, we developed a classification method which allowed us to classify and characterize habitat conditions: the optimal scenario (preferential for arvicoline establishment), the suboptimal scenario (whose use is related to opportunities to find best scenarios), and the hostile scenario (not acceptable for use). In such riparian areas, the results revealed that the Southern water vole is a specialist in terms of habitat selection, but behaves as a generalist in terms of occupancy. Its ability to adapt to suboptimal conditions widens the options for managing Southern water vole populations, and indicates that the maintenance and rehabilitation of habitat along continuous stretches of river is the most effective approach to achieving self-sustaining populations.
The lesser amberjack, Seriola fasciata, was recorded for the first time in the Levant. This species was known hitherto from the Atlantic Ocean and western and central Mediterranean and southeastern Aegean Sea.
This study aims to quantify the relative effects of density-dependent (feedback structure) and density-independent climatic factors (rainfall) in regulating the short-term population dynamics of wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus Linnaeus, 1758 in three Mediterranean forest plots. Rainfall and density explained additively 62% of variation in population growth rates (38 and 24%, respectively), with no differences among study plots. Population growth rate was positive during autumn–winter and negative during spring–summer during a 2.5-year period. Population rate of change was negatively affected by wood mouse density during the normal breeding season of Mediterranean mice (autumn–winter) but not outside it. Growth rate was positively affected by the cumulative amount of rainfall three months before the normal breeding season, but not during it. Female breeding activity and recruitment did not differ among plots, and was not affected by density or rainfall. However, recruitment was positively affected by density and, marginally, by rainfall. Our results suggest that intraspecific competition (density-dependence) and food availability (rainfall) are equally important factors driving wood mouse population dynamics in Mediterranean forests. Mechanisms underlying density-dependence during the breeding season seemed to be based on food-mediated survival rather than on behaviourally-mediated reproduction. Taken together, these results indicate a high sensitivity of marginal Mediterranean wood mouse populations to the expected climate changes in the Mediterranean region.
Aphyllophoroid fungi is an artificial and diverse group of fungi, often little considered in mycological inventories, but very important in the forest dynamics. In this paper we summarize generally some of the most relevant and interesting habitats in the Mediterranean for this group of fungi, and briefly analyze the conservation problematics.
The first record of Psenes pellucidus Lütken, 1880, (Nomeidae) in Sardinian waters (Central western Mediterranean) is reported. The present finding appears to be an interesting stage of transformation from the juvenile to the more elongate form of an adult.
The main objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting the government supported bumble bees use as pollinators by greenhouse producers in the Mediterranean Coastal Region of Turkey. The data used in this study were collected from growers by using a face to face survey. To this end, data was obtained by using simple random sampling method in 80 greenhouse farms in Antalya province. The data were analyzed with the chi-square test which was used to test relationship between variables. The result of the analyses showed that there is a significant relationship between the farms using and non-using bumble bee, considering status registered for greenhouse of farmer, type of growing, type of greenhouse ventilation and the number of people working in greenhouse. Furthermore, the most of farmers believed that use of bumble bees as pollinators in greenhouse tomato production is beneficial. These benefits include the effect of environment and human health and also the economic (marketing, higher price, higher yield, reducing pesticide use and labor use).
Ranging behaviour and activity of five [2 females, 3 males) red foxes Vulpes uulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Mediterranean coastal area of Maremma Natural Park (central Italy; an area of great habitat diversity) are described. One female ranged over a very small area and had diurnal activity rhythms, For other foxes, home range size (100% minimum convex polygon) varied between 86 and 485 ha (larger than fox ranges in urban areas and smaller than in northern or homogeneous areas), and core areas (50% harmonic mean) between 4.0 and 13.7 ha. Habitat diversity within home ranges was significantly higher than that of the overall area. Within their home ranges, foxes selected scrubwood for resting. When active, they showed individual differences in habitat selection. Peak activity was between 20.00 h and 22.00 h, but foxes were active also during the day.
Small mammal community composition of a Mediterranean area of central Italy was studied by comparing three different methods: (1) live-trapping, (2) owl pellet analysis and (3) snake gut analysis. All the methods employed provided useful data on both species composition and abundance in the field, although live-trapping and analysis of Tyto alba pellets allowed the detection of the higher number of small mammal species. When live-trapping is used, it seems necessary to place traps in every environmental type available in the study area.
Three populations of Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica and four of A. cilicica subsp. cilicica were analyzed using 35 morphological and anatomical needle characters with the implementation of multivariate statistical methods to verify the differences between subspecies. Moreover, the possible geographic differentiation of A. cilicica subsp. cilicica populations from the East Taurus and Lebanon Mountains was examined. Abies cilicica subsp. isaurica has been distinguished from A. cilicica subsp. cilicica by its glabrous young shoots and resinous buds. We detected that needles of A. cilicica subsp. isaurica are longer, broader and thicker, with a higher number of stomata rows, and larger cells of the epidermis, hypodermis and endodermis than A. cilicica subsp. cilicica. Additionally, A. cilicica subsp. isaurica needles have frequently rounded to obtuse-acute apex and resinous canals positioned more centrally inside the mesophyll than needles of A. cilicica subsp. cilicica. This indicates that a set of most of the tested needle characters can be used to distinguish the subspecies; however, any of characters enable that when used separately. Morphological and anatomical distinctiveness between these two taxa justify their recognition at the subspecies rank. Additionally, the populations of A. cilicica subsp. cilicica from the East Taurus and Lebanon are morphologically different. This geographic differentiation of populations is congruent with results provided by genetic analyses of nuclear microsatellites markers (nSSR).
In 2008, a specimen of a pignosed arrowtooth eel, Dysomma brevirostre (Facciolà, 1887), was caught by a bottom trawling operation at Sigacik Bay (Aegean Sea), Turkey. Total length (TL) and weight of the fish were 23.2 cm and 2.00 g, respectively. This study reports the first record of D. brevirostre from the Aegean Sea and logs a new species for the Turkish Ichthyofauna.
The first record of imperial blackfish, Schedophilus ovalis (Cuvier, 1833), in the Greek waters of the Aegean Sea is herewith documented. This record increases the knowledge on the richness of the Hellenic marine ichthyofauna and may suggest an expansion of the geographical distribution of the species from the southern Levantine waters to northern areas.
On 5 March 2006 an adult specimen of white grouper, Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817), was caught with long-line gear off the Island Dugi otok (between islets Mužanj and Sakarun, eastern Adriatic Sea, Croatian coast, 44°06′46.9″N; 14°53′47.08″E) on a soft, sandy bottom at a depth of 40 meters. The capture location is around 400 km north of the northern range of distribution in the Adriatic and around 800 km north of the northern limit of distribution published earlier. This is the northernmost occurrence of the white grouper in the Mediterranean area. As a top carnivorous species and among the largest coastal fish species, groupers could probably influence ecology of many native fish species and affect local artisanal fishery.
Most bird species show specific habitat requirements for breeding and feeding. We studied the pattern of habitat occupation, nestling diet and breeding performance of Crested Tits Lophophanes cristatus in a "typical" (coniferous) and an "atypical" (Holm Oak Quercus ilex) forest in eastern Spain during 2005-2007. We aimed to determine which microhabitat characteristics in the Holm Oak forest could account for the presence of Crested Tits, and checked whether the nestling diet in the Holm Oak forest resembled that obtained in the pine forest. Vegetation maps were produced using GIS from observations made in the field (tree species, tree and shrub cover). Nestling diet was recorded through video surveillance. Crested Tits bred in mature, low-density areas in the pine forest. Those breeding in the Holm Oak forest built their nests in areas including pine trees and avoided densely forested areas. Birds breeding in the pine forest started laying by mid-April and the average clutch size was 5 eggs. In the Holm Oak forest, birds started laying by the end of April and average clutch size was also 5 eggs. Fledglings weighed around 12 g in both forests. Nestling diet, prey size and feeding frequency by the parents did not vary between the forests. The main prey types consumed were Lepidoptera larvae and Diptera.
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