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Seed sculpture, seed coat thickness and soluble carbohydrate profiles were compared in three lupin species, each represented by three different genetic lines, from sections Pilosus (L. pilosus) and Atlanticus (L. atlanticus, L. cosentinii). Seed coat thickness varied most in the three lines of L. pilosus (330-1000 µm), while in the other species it varied little from 400 µm thickness. The studied seeds accumulated approximately 100 mg/g d.m. soluble carbohydrates. The obtained results together with published data suggest that the soluble carbohydrate composition of seeds is clearly section-specific in Lupinus sections Pilosus and Atlanticus. Sect. Pilosus was characterized by a high level of galactosyl cyclitols, while seeds of sect. Atlanticus contained much higher amounts of the raffinose-family oligosaccharides. In all species, however, the dominating soluble carbohydrate was stachyose. The results on the biochemical parameters analyzed in this paper confirm that L. atlanticus and L. cosentinii are more closely related to each other than to L. pilosus. The seed coat roughness/smoothness criterion seems inadequate for building a classification of lupin species, as one of the analyzed lines of L. pilosus, formally ascribed to the rough-seeded lupins, produces smooth seeds.
Southern blots of mitochondrial (mt) DNAs of three Lupinus species cleaved with three restriction enzymes were probed with Lupinus luteus mtDNA fragments containing 18S, 5S rRNA genes or a tRNA-like repeat. Comparison of the number of hybridizing bands and their intensity suggested that the mt 18S and 5S rRNA genes occur mostly in one copy in the genomes of three lupin species. The exception concerned the Lupinus angustifolius 5S rRNA gene showing two hybridizing bands of unequal intensity. The results of hybridization of the lupin mitochondrial genomes with a probe specific for the Lupinus luteus tRNA-like repeat pointed to the presence of such a repeat in other parts of the genomes besides the vicinity of the 18S rRNA gene. Northern hybridization analysis showed the presence of 18S, 5S and tRNA-like repeat transcripts similar in size in all lupin species.
A high level of the nucleotide sequence conservation of mitochondrial nad3 and rps12 genes was found in four lupin species. The only differences concern three nucleotides in the Lupinus albusrps12 gene and three nucleotides insertion in the L. mutabilis spacer. Northern blot analysis as well as RT-PCR confirmed cotranscription of the luteus genes because the transcripts detected were long enough.
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