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Leptospirosis can be an important problem and a cause of significant economic losses in swine herds. Because of a high susceptibility of leptospires to many factors, laboratory diagnosis of the disease (especially pathogen isolation and identification) is difficult and often based on serological methods. The aim of this study was to show the possible use of PCR for detection and partial identification of Leptospira spp. in clinical samples from swine. Four aborted fetuses and 2 serum samples from sows reared on a farm infected by the serovar Pomona and 4 fetuses from a farm infected by leptospires from the serogroup Sejroe were submitted for examination. Additionally, urine and serum samples from 8 aborting sows reared on 2 farms infected by the serogroup Sejroe were investigated. Serum samples were examined by the microagglutination test (MAT). Samples of urine and tissue samples from fetuses were examined by PCR with pairs of primers detecting DNA sequences specific to a) genus Leptospira, b) species L. borgpetersenii, c) two selected groups of serovars of the species L. interrogans, d) serogroup Sejroe. Serological findings showed in all examined sows the presence of titers to the serogroup Pomona or Sejroe, depending on the serogroup causing infection on a given farm. DNA of the genus Leptospira was detected in tissues of all fetuses from sows infected by the serovar Pomona, in 3 fetuses from the farm infected by the Sejroe serogroup, and in all urine samples. The presence of the DNA sequence specific for the group of L. interrogans serovars including the serovar Pomona was found in tissues of all 4 fetuses from dams presenting titers to the serogroup Pomona. DNA of the serogroup Sejroe was detected in 6 out of 8 urine samples examined, and DNA of the species L. borgpetersenii (including the serovar Sejroe) was found in 5 urine samples. No DNA of the species L. borgpetersenii or of the serogroup Sejroe was found in tissues of fetuses from the farm infected by the serogroup Sejroe. This study demonstrated the usefulness of PCR in confirming the presence of Leptospira spp. in clinical samples from swine. Furthermore, PCR confirmed the presence of the serovar Pomona in tissues of aborted fetuses and the presence of L. borgpetersenii and/or the Sejroe serogroup in samples of urine. A conclusive evaluation of the usefulness of PCR in identifying DNA of L. borgpetersenii and the serogroup Sejroe in tissue samples requires further investigations.
Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic Leptospira, is one of the most important zoonoses in the world. Several molecular techniques have been developed for detection and differentiation between pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira spp. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and simple assay for specific detection and differentiation of pathogenic Leptospira spp. by multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay using primers and probes targeting Leptospira genus specific 16S ribosomal RNA gene, the pathogen specific ligA/B genes and non-pathogen Leptospira biflexa specific 23S ribosomal RNA gene. Sixteen reference strains of Leptospira spp. including pathogenic and nonpathogenic and ten other negative control bacterial strains were used in the study. While the 16S primers amplified target from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires, the ligA/B and the 23S primers amplified target DNA from pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires, respectively. The multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay detection limit, that is, the sensitivity was found approximately 1 x 10² cells/ml for ligA/B gene and 23S ribosomal RNA gene, and 10 cells/ml 16S ribosomal RNA. The reaction efficiencies were 83-105% with decision coefficients of more than 0.99 in all multiplex assays. The multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay yielded negative results with the ten other control bacteria. In conclusion, the developed multiplex real-time PCR (TaqMan) assay is highly useful for early diagnosis and differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires in a reaction tube as having high sensitivity and specificity.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies specific to different serogroups of Leptospira sp. in swine populations in Poland. The serological survey was conducted in 2006. A total of 7 252 swine serum samples coming from all provinces of the country were investigated. The samples were examined by the use of a microscopic agglutination test. As antigens, six Leptospira serovars were used: Leptospira interrogans serovars - Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, and Canicola, L. borgpetersenii serovars - Sejroe and Tarassovi, and L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa. Altogether, 97 (1.34%) of the examined serum samples were found to be positive. They were obtained from 12 provinces. The highest number of samples among positive sera demonstrated titres to serovar Sejroe (44.33%) followed by Pomona (37.11%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (8.25%), Canicola (7.22%), and Tarassovi (3.09%). No samples with titres to serovar Grippotyphosa were found. The data concerning the highness titres to particular serovars and the prevalence of animals demonstrating antibodies to different serovars in particular provinces are presented and analysed in the article.
Problems in the reproduction of pigs may be the result of interaction of various factors, both infectious and non-infectious. Among the infectious agents, the greatest economic losses are caused by viral infection of pregnant gilts and sows. In the present study the most important pathogens causing reproductive disorders in pigs, including parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), enteroviruses, encephalitis virus (EMCV), Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Leptospira spp., Brucella suis and Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae are characterized. So far, three possible ways of natural infection of the embryo or fetus are identified: via placenta, through the cervical canal, and by infection of the egg cell. The consequences of infection of pregnant females depend on the species of the virus, the gestation period, wherein there is an infection and immune status of pregnant females. The most common changes included: embryo death, resorption of embryos, mummification of fetuses, malformations, abortions, birth of dead or very weak piglets. Because of the importance of the reproduction sector for the competitive production of pigs, the monitoring of the health status of breeding stock, including compliance with all biosecurity rules and vaccination schedules, should be strictly respected by veterinarians taking care of pig breeding herds.
This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge on wild boar as a reservoir of viruses, bacteria and parasites being pathogenic also to other species of animals, and for humans, but particularly to pigs belonging to the same species, Sus scrofa, as the wild boar. Since wild boar and domestic pigs belong to the same taxonomic species they are susceptible to the same pathogens and can infect each other. Therefore free – ranging wild boar are increasingly considered to be a threat to the pig industry and the international movement of pigs and swine products. Particularly African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot and mouth disease are those OIE-listed diseases, discussed in the paper. Additionally, domestic pigs can be infected from wild boar by PPV, PCV2, TGE and ADV. The last mentioned microorganism is causing infection and disease also in other species of animals. The wild boar is participating, by carriership, of infecting several species of animals and human by Leptospira serotypes, Brucella suis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp., pathogenic serovars of Escherichia coli. The same relates to bovine tuberculosis, Japanase encephalitis virus and influenza A typ viruses. Finally trichinellosis transfer from wild boar to humans with not cooked meat containing larves of Trichinella spp. is mentioned. In general remarks it is noted that to prevent pathogen introduction from wild boar to domestic animals particularly to pigs, but also other species and to humans the surveillance of the wild boar behaviour in their living conditions and environment is recommended.
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