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For the first time in Poland two habitats of Lemna minuta were found in 2007. Both of them are located in the warmest south-western region of the country. L. minuta is a North-American kenophyte which has come to Poland probably from Germany. This species grows no bigger than 1-3 mm, which makes it the smallest representative of genus Lemna. The most characteristic features of L. minuta are the lack of purple pigmentation and the presence of only one hardly visible vein in the frond.
The Monod model describes the relationship between growth rate and ambient nutrient concentration, the Droop model focuses on internal nutrient resources as the driving factor. Both were applied mainly to explain phytoplankton dynamics in lakes or in experimental cultures. Our test plants were two species of duckweeds – Lemna minor L. and Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden sampled from 18 natural stands situated in 6 different water bodies. Plants were grown outdoor in original lake water or in mineral media of varying N and P concentrations (0–21 mg N-NO3 L-1 and 0–1853 μg P-PO4 L-1 for L.minor and 0–4.2 mg N-NO3 L-1 and 0–371 μg P-PO4 L-1 for S. polyrhiza). Moreover, we analysed concentrations of mineral forms of N and P in lake water and tissue nutrient concentrations in plants. Tissue N of both plants was significantly correlated with ambient inorganic nitrogen sources, no such relationship was observed for tissue P. The growth rate of both plants measured under experimental outdoor conditions was better explained by tissue N and P variability (the Droop model) than by the external nutrient availability (the Monod model). The latter also failed to fit the growth rate of both plants in artificial mineral media with a decreasing gradient of N and P concentrations. The plants grew at the expense of internal N and P resources which remarkably declined during 9-day long experiments. Calculated minimum tissue contents (11.19 ± 1.11 mg N g-1 and 0.97 ± 0.07 mg P g-1 in L. minor and 6.10 ± 1.85 mg N and 1.25 ± 0.37 mg P g-1 in S. polyrhiza) show that the latter species would be a superior competitor under N limiting conditions and the former – under P limitation. We confront obtained results with literature data on N uptake kinetics and postulate that the luxury consumption of nutrients and plant growth dependent mainly on internal N and P resources might be an adaptation of duckweeds to varying habitat conditions typical of astatic water bodies.
It is well known that many steroid compounds, mainly from large stock-raising farms, more frequently end up in rural or communal sewage systems. It is also known that the duckweed family (Lemnaceae), especially Wolffia arrhiza, is more and more commonly used in the biotechnology of purifying the above-mentioned sew­age systems due to its heterotrophic and detoxication ability, as well as its ease of adoption to unfavorable environmental conditions. Therefore, our research analyzes the influence of beta-estradiol and chemically and functionally diversified corticosteroids: cortisone, cortisole (glucocorticoids), "-deoxycorticosterone (miner- alocorticoids) and prednisolone (chemical derivative of hydrocortisone) on chlorophylls and carotenoids content in photoautotrophic Wolffia arrhiza (Lemnaceae), growing in municipal Białystok tap water (rich in minerals but poor in organic components). From the applied steroid hormones in optimal concentration of 10-6M p-es- tradiol caused the strongest stimulatory effect on photosynthetic pigments, a little less strong - cortisone, slight stimulative - cortisole, and weak "-deoxycorticosterone. Prednisolone showed a weak inhibitory influence on all types of chlorophylls and carotenoids in comparison with the control culture without exogenous hormones. Applied steroid hormones had a weak stimulative influence over chlorophylls a and b in Wolffia; the strongest was p-estradiol between the 5th and the 10th day of cultivation, in the range of 116.5-121.3% in comparison to the control value (100%). The researched steroids had a much stronger influence on carotenoid content, especially p-carotene, alloxanthin (oxygen - poor xanthophylls) and violaxanthin (oxygen - rich xanthophylls). Under the influence of beta-estradiol the amount of p-carotene rose by the maximum 160.6%, alloxanthin by 187.9% and violaxanthin by 154.3% in comparison to the control. Our research results demonstrated that p-estradiol and - from applied corticosteroids - cortisone and hydrocorticosterone, had more stimulatory influence on carotenoid content in Wolffia arrhiza, but less stimulatory effect on unicellular Chlorella vulgaris.
Research on the influence of sex steroids: ß-estradiol, testosterone and corticosteroids: cortisone, cortisole (glucocorticoids), 11-deoxycorticosterone (mineralocorticoid) and prednisolone (chemical derivative of hydrocortisone) on changes of soluble proteins, nucleic acids and reducing sugars as a content of Wolffia arrhiza ( Lemnaceae ) has been conducted. Wolffia has been cultivated in Bialystok’s municipal tap water (rich in mineral but poor in organic components) during a 20-day period, in the optimal concentration of 10-5 to 10-6 M. It has been ascertained that the maximal stimulation of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) was caused by ß-estradiol in the range from 176-181%, testosterone 168-173%, cortisone 154-157%, 11-deoxycorticosterone 152-155%, cortisole 141-148% and prednisolone from 129-131%, in comparison to a 100% control. The soluble proteins content was stimulated the strongest by ß-estradiol - 181%, testosterone - 170%, cortisole - 141%, cortisone - 138%, prednisolone - 137%, and weaker by 11-deoxycorticosterone - 128%. Reducing sugars content was stimulated most intensely only on the 5th day of cultivation by cortisone in 165%, 11-deoxycorticosterone - 160-164%, cortisole in 157% and prednisolone in 149%, whereas ß-estradiol had a stimulatory influence of 133-138% and testosterone – 119-121% in comparison to 100% control during the whole period of 20 days of Wolffia arrhiza cultivation.
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